CHINESE HISTORY

Adam Smith

Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.

Back Yard Furnaces

People in communes we expected to set up at home furnaces. They burnt all their metal and it turned out very badly.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

CCP (Chinese Communist Party)

Anti-Western Nationalist Party that rests on the ideas of land reform and marxist ideals, which appeals to the large peasant population and enacts never before seen social reforms.

Emerges during warlord period of 1921 and goes on to battle the GMD for ultimate control, before using guerrilla tactics to finally defeat them. Mao is in control.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Collective Ownership

property rights belong to the members of the collective

communes

Collective farms grouped together to organize farming and plan public services

communisim

economic system in which all means of production (loand, mines, factories, businesses) are owned by the people, private property doesn 't exist and all goods and services are shared equally

Cultural Revolution (China)

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen

Chinese physician and political leader who aimed to transform China with patriotic, democratic, and economically progressive reforms. He was the President of China in 1911 and the father of Nationalist Party.

Extraterritoriality

Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation.

famine

an extreme shortage of food

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.

Individual Ownership

a form of property ownership in which one person is the owner of a property and has absolute control over the distribution and use of the land

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Little Red Book

A book circulated throughout China during the reign of Mao Zedong, which contained his political philosophy for China. It was required reading in all schools.

Mao Suit

Represents Equality and gender neutrality, Anti-western

Mao Ze-dong (1893-1976)

The chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, and leader of China from 1949 to 1976. Formerly spelled Mao Tse-tung.

Nationalists

A member of a political group advocating or fighting for national independence, a strong national government, etc.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Opium

substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived

Opium War

a conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China

Peasants

people who worked the land or served the nobles

People Republic of China

communist run china after nationalist flee to taiwan,invade tibet and mongolia

planned economy

an economic system directed by government agencies

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Red Gaurds

young supporters of Mao during a cultural revolution who held mass rallies to support Mao and traveled around China attacking government officials and others who didn't fully support Mao.

Republic of China

a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the communists led by Mao Zedong

sphers of influence

a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.

Taiping Rebellion

a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan

Communist Manifesto

A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

The long march

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

Wealth of Nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

Treaty of Nanjing

1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong.

uneaqual treaties

unfair treaties that favor one party over another

Unreasonable expectations

Peasants told to produce double the amount of crops

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Wuchang Uprising

Uprising that began China's revolution against Qing imperial rule

Four Olds

old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits