Bio 93: Ch 4 Functional Groups

Ethanol

Hydroxyl (-OH)

Alcohol

Polar, forms H bonds, helps dissolve compounds like sugars

Acetone, propanal

Carbonyl (> C=O)

Aldehyde end or ketone within

Found in sugars, structural isomerism possible

Acetic acid

Carboxyl (-COOH)

Carboxylic Acid / Organic acid

Acts as acid, donates H+, found in amino acids, bond between O & H very polar

Glycine

Amino (-NH2)

Amine

Acts as a base, picks up H+, found in amino acids

Cysteine

Sulfhydryl (-SH)

Thiol

Forms disulfide bonds, stabilizes protein structure

Glycerol phosphate / ATP

Phosphate (-OPO3²-)

Organic phosphate

Contributes negative charge, releases energy when reacting with water

5-Methyl cytosine

Methyl (-CH3)

Methyl compound

Hydrophobic

Nonpolar, affects gene expression & hormone function