2.2 organisation in animals -transport systems

circulatory system

the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body

what are the two chambers of the heart

upper chambre(atria) and lower chambre(ventricles)

circulatory system process

-deoxygenated blood enters right atrium via vena cava

-blood moves to right ventricle and the pumped to pulmonary artery

-pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs where it becomes oxygenated

-oxygenated blood exits lungs via pulmonary vein

-blood enters left atrium

-then left ventricle

-blood is pumped into aorta where oxygenated blood is carried to body

features of transport systems

vessels that carry materials from one part of the organism to another

how is oxygen transported into blood

from lungs to all bodys cells

how is carbon dioxide transported into blood

from all bodys cells to lungs

how is glucose transported into blood

from digestive system to liver the all body cells

how is urea transported into blood

from liver cells to kidneys

heart

muscular organ

What does heart pump

blood

what is blood

bodily fluid

What two circuits does the heart pump blood into?

pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

pulmonary circuit

carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart

systematic circuit

carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body

what must be open for blood to flow

valves

faulty heart valve

Heart valve that doesn't open properly restricting flow or leaks into atrium

faulty heart valve replacement

biological valve from donor

mechanical valve made from durable materials

specialised cells in right atrium

generate electrical signals that make heart contract

artificial pacemakers

Electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate

blood vessels

arteries, veins, capillaries

arteries

carry blood away from the heart

What type of blood do arteries typically carry?

Oxygenated blood, except for pulmonary arteries

What are the characteristics of the walls of arteries?

Thick, muscular, and elastic

What is the lumen size of arteries?

Narrow

Under what pressure do arteries carry blood?

High pressure

veins

carry blood to the heart

What type of blood do veins typically carry?

deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein

What are the characteristics of the walls of veins?

thin walls and less muscular tissue than arteries

What is the lumen size of veins?

large

Under what pressure do veins carry blood?

low pressure

capillaries

Smallest blood vessels

walls of capillaries

only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

composition of blood

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

plasma function

transporting co2 to lungs

digested molecules from small intestine

waste products to kidneys

red blood cells function

transport oxygen

white blood cells function

fight infection and disease

platelets function

blood clotting

red blood cells adaptations

-contain haemoglobin

-biconcave shape to max surface area

-no nucleus or mitochondria

-thin

What are the different types of white blood cells

Phagocytes

Lymphocytes

Phagocytes

They engulf and destroy unwanted microorganisms that enter the blood via the process phagocytosis

They are part of the immune system

Lymphocytes

Produce antibodies when a foreign body such as microorganisms enter the body

Part of immune system

How do platelets stop bleeding

-they have proteins on their surface which enables them to stick to breaks in blood vessels and clump together

-they secrete proteins that result in a series of chemical reactions that make blood clots which plugs a wound

Where are blood products produced from

Blood from Blood donors

Why are blood products screened

-for infectious agents such as HIV

-for their blood group

-for the presence of certain antibodies

Coronary heart disease

When the coronary arteries become blocked by fatty build up of material caused by bad cholesterol

What do coronary arteries store

Blood

what consequence does blocked arteries have on a person

-oxygen reaching the heart muscle is reduced

-chest pain if left untreated

-heart attack may occur and cause damage or even death

What are the two ways of treating coronary heart disease

Stents and statins

Statins

A drug that help lower cholesterol in blood

They do this by lowering its production in the liver

Disadvantages to statins

-side effects such as headaches

-long-term medication

-not suitable for everyone I.e pregnant women

Stents

When a catheter is inserted into arteries

The balloon is inflated to widen arteries

Catheter is removed

How do stents help

Widen the narrow arteries to restore and maintain blood flow

Advantages to stents

-long term solution

-for those who found drugs didn’t work

-made of metal alloy so doesn’t lead to immune response in patient

Risk of stent

Risk of bleeding , heart attack or stroke during operation

two sources of replacement heart valves

mechanical

biological

Heart transplant

Required in cases of heart failure where heart fails to pump sufficient blood and organs are starved of oxygen

Limits of heart transplant

Limited amount of donors in UK and carried out by small amount of hospitals

Risk of rejection by body’s immune system

artificial hearts

Plastic devices used occasionally whilst patients are waiting for heart transplant

Disadvantages of artificial transplant

May wear out

Blood clots may stick to mechanical valve

What is pulse measured in

Beats per minute

What scanning technique can be used to measure blood flow

MRI scan