Global 2 midterm

Scientific Revolution

A change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which people started questioning accepted beliefs.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe

T/F: For most Europeans in the eighteenth century, the Christian faith still held most of the answers to life's most basic questions.

true

Joseph Banks

a young scientist who made vast contributions to botany and zoology on the basis of his findings on this voyage

Ancients

Believed in tradition

Who did the ancients base their ideas on?

Aristotle

Moderns

argued that human reason provided the key to knowledge.

T/F: the moderns agreed with the Christian view point on human nature

false

deductive reasoning

general to specific

inductive reasoning

specific to general

Did René Descartes use a deductive or inductive approach?

deductive

Did Sir Francis Bacon use a deductive or inductive approach?

inductive

Isaac Newton

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.

Carl Linnaeus

The father of taxonomy who classified organisms in groups within groups

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Giordano Bruno

Believed in a heliocentric universe and was burned at the stake because of it.

Geocentric view

The idea that the earth is the center of the universe

The council of trent

a group of people who said that the bible cannot be challenged

Heliocentric

Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe

When did the Enlightenment take place?

18th century

Enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

T/F: many rulers were willing to undermine structures that gave them power in the enlightment

false

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Baron de Montesquieu

believed government should have separation of powers

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

social contract

Social Contract

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

Voltaire

ideas included freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state.

Adam Smith

father of capitalism

Thomas Hobbes

believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority

Immanuel Kant

argued that peace can be achieved through universal democracy and cooperation between nations.

Mary Wollstonecraft

denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Sor Ijuana Inés de la Cruz

early advocate of feminism, environmentalism, and repatriation.

Mary Astell

Believed women had the right to education

and that women should be educated separately from men

Barón de Vastey

thought that the general principles of the Enlightenment such as liberty and equality were good but they were being undermined by slavery and colonialism.

Moses Mendelssohn

Presented Judaism as a religion compatible with the enlightenment.

Separation of powers

Political power should be divided into three separate branches so it isn't held by one authority

who supported separation of powers?

Montesquieu

Who supported natural rights

John Locke

Free expression

Speech, press, religious freedom

who supported free expression

Voltaire

Free markets

Political authorities should should stay out of commerce

who supported free markets

Adam smith

Free will

People have reason and can use it to progress without relying on other authorities

who supported the idea of free will

Immanuel Kant

T/F: John Locke believed that everyone should have a voice in their government

false

Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith

T/F: Voltaire incurred the displeasure of religious authorities by arguing that organized religion is always and everywhere a hindrance to free and rational inquiry.

true

few Enlightenment thinkers were willing to recognize that restrictions on the role of \________ in society reflected not reason, but merely a traditional prejudice.

women

The \______ passionately discussed Enlightenment ideas

elite

Divine right of kings

the belief that the authority of kings comes directly from God

laissez faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

philosophe

one of a group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment

salon

a place to meet and discuss new ideas during the Enlightenment

Margaret Cavendish

noted that restrictions on women's roles resulted from nothing more than "the over-weening conceit men have of themselves."

bourgeoisie

middle class

enlightened despot

Absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change

Frederick the Great

Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry. He was toleration to all beliefs, abolished torture and made the laws simpler

Maria Theresa

Was influenced by the enlightenment to put strict limits on landlords' power and was also the first European monarch to call for compulsory public education.

Catherine the Great

took an interest in Enlightenment philosophy and corresponded with Voltaire. decided that Enlightenment ideals were not applicable to Russia. Under her rule, the monarchy became more authoritarian.

King George

He accepted the powers of Parliament and hence the limitations on his own authority.

How many stages were there in the French revolution?

3

Causes of the French Revolution

1) The economic and financial crisis that led to the calling of the Estates General. 2) The political incompetence of Louis XV and XVI. 3) The unfair taxation between the three estates

feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

aristocrats

Nobles

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France who was unpopular for her extravagance and whose ignorance contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

First Estate

The first class of French society made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church.

Second Estate

nobility

Third Estate

commoners

Which estate was the largest?

Third Estate

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

Versailles

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Why did Louis XIV build the Palace of Versailles?

to create distant from him and his citizens

Louis XVI (r. 1774-1793) proved incapable of dealing with the precarious state of French \_______ , the most immediate cause of the revolt.

finances

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indigenous allies and the English. Proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Why did Louis XVI call the Estates General?

He was seeking to pass actions that could fix the French economy.

Where did the National Assembly meet?

tennis court

What did the National Assembly want?

Constitutional Monarchy

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Proclamation of 1763

law forbidding English colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains

T/F: Proclamation of 1763 was a cause of the American Revolution

true

Stamp Act of 1765

This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, when they bought paper items.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty, disguised as Indigenous people , boarded three British ships and dumped British tea into the Boston harbor.

No taxation without representation

reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament

Continental Congress

The legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution

consent of the governed

People are the source of any and all governmental power

Loyalists

Americans who supported the British

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

Enlightenment thinker; Revolutionary leader; printer

Battle of Saratoga (October 1777)

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause.

Yorktown (1781)

Last major battle of the American Revolution. General Cornwallis was surrounded and had to surrender to George Washington.

Treaty of Paris 1863

Ended the French and Indian war and kicked the French out of the north

Lord Cornwalis

British general who surrendered at Yorktown

Declaration of Independence (1776)

The document establishing the US as an independent nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. It declared the 13 colonies independent from Britain

Articles of Confederation

the first constitution of the United States

Constitution of the United States

Signed September 17, 1787; ratified by the required nine states June 21, 1788. Sets out the laws and principles of the government,

sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Delegates met to revise the Articles of Confederation, but ultimately decided to write the Constitution as a replacement.