ISAAL EARTH SCIENCE

Cosmology

It is the study of the origin, development, structure, history, and future of the entire universe.

Creationism

• a “deity” or “supreme being” created the lifethrough divine action

• Focuses more on religious belief

BigBang Theory

• The Earth exploded from a single hot and dense point (hydrogen and helium)

• all space, time, energy, etc.—was condensed into an extremely hot zero-volume entity of infinite density called a singularity

Singularity

An extremely hot zero-volume entity of infinite density

Microwaves (CMB)

Complete the sentence:
Low levels of __________ throughout space, whose temperature is about -270 degrees Celsius.

Georges Lemaître (1920)

Belgian cosmologist who created the BigBang Theory

Steady State Universe

• The universe is always expanding, but it maintains the same density.

• New matter is constantly being created in theuniverse

Fred Hoyle

• One of the scientists who created the Steady State Universe Theory

Eternal Inflation

• It is the rapid expansion of the universe calledinflation.

• Happened 0-36 secondsafter the Big Bang

Oscillating Universe

• An ENDLESS CYCLE

• An endless occurence of big bang theory

WR 102

One of the hottest stars

Star

• formed when it is hot enough for the hydrogen nuclei to fuse together to make Helium

Main Sequence Star

• a mature, stable star that generates energy by fusing hydrogen into helium within its core

Red Giant

• luminous, low-to-intermediate mass star in a late stage of evolution

• burns helium and other gases

Planetary Nebula

A region ofcosmic gas and dust formed fromthe cast-off outer layers of a dyingstar

White Dwarf Star

Formed during the ejecting of the outer layers of gas into space over the course of about 10,000 years, leaving behind the star’s hot core

Terrestrial Planets

• Silicate rocks

• Rocks not accreted to gaseous outerlayers.

Gas Giants

• No life

• No Surface

Oblate Spheroid

The shape of the Earth

Hydrosphere

• Earth’s waters such as the oceans, seas, fresh water andunderground waters

Atmosphere

• The air that envelopes the Earth

Geosphere

• The solid Earth consists of the crust, mantle and core

Biosphere

• All life on Earth

Continental Drift Theory (Alfred Wegener, 1912)

Theory that states that the continents wandered away from each other, from the original supercontinent Pangaea.

Sea Floor Spreading (Harry Hess)

A geologic process occurring at mid-ocean ridges, where tectonic plates diverge and magma rises from the mantle to create new oceanic crust

Tectonic Plate Theory

The lithosphere is made up of six moderately rigid plates moving over the mantle

Volcano

A vent or an opening in the surface of the Earth that serves as a passageway for rising

magma

Magma

The molten rock material found deep inside the earth

Lava

The magma that finds its way to the surface of the earth

Shield Volcano

• Formed from lava that oozes out quietly thus creating a broad base and a dome-shaped cone

• Non-Explosive Volcanoes

Cinder Cone Volcano

• Formed from mainly emissions of rocks and ashes (pyroclastic materials) thus having narrow base and a steep slope

• Explosive Volcanoes

Composite Volcano

• Formed from alternate solidification of lava and pyroclastic materials resulting to a symmetrical cone

• Also Known as STRATOVOLCANO

Fault Zones/Spreading Centers

• Occur where plates move apart, allowing magma to rise from the mantle to fill the gap (decompression melting).

• Divergent Plate Boundaries

Subduction Zones

• Occur where tectonic plates collide and one sinks beneath the other, causing flux melting.

• Convergent Plate Boundaries

Hotspots

• Occur in the middle of tectonic plates, far from boundaries, where a mantle plume of superheated magma rises to the surface.

Diatrophism

• The deformation of the Earth’s crust such that a portion is pushed up, down or sideways

Folding

Bending of rock layers due to compression

Faulting

Breaking and movement of rock layers

Earthquakes

Sudden release of energy causing vibrations

Focus

Point where earthquake originates

Epicenter

Point directly above focus

Magnitude

Measures the energy released at the earthquake source using instruments

Intensity

Measures the severity of shaking and damage at specific locations using descriptive scale

Seismic Waves

Energy waves from earthquakes/tectonic movements

P Waves (Primary)

Fastest; travel through solids & liquids

S Waves (Secondary)

Travel only through solids

L Waves (Love/Surface)

Horizontal and perpendicular motions

Rayleigh Waves

Create a rolling, elliptical motion (like ocean waves).

Rocks

Consist of mineral or aggregate of minerals which may contain certain amounts of fossils, weathered

materials (such as soil) and water

Igneous Rocks

• Fire-formed rocks

• They are formed from the solidification of magma either inside oroutside the earth’s surface.

Intrusive/Plutonic

• Igneous rocks formed beneath Earth’s surface

Extrusive/Volcanic

• Igneous rocks that are formed on the Earth’s surface

Sedimentary Rocks

• Formed from deposits of sediments cemented together in layers.

Clastic Sedimentary

• Sedimentary Rocks formed from rock fragments

Non-clastic Sedimentary

• Sedimentary Rocks formed from solutions or organic matter

Chemical Sedimentary

• Sedimentary Rocks formed by chemical precipitation

Metamorphic Rocks

• Formed from changing rocks

• They can be either igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic that has been changed in form by heat and pressure.

Foliated

• Metamorphic rocks that have layered or banded appearance

Non-Foliated

• Metamorphic rocks that are massive and structureless

Weathering

The natural processes that break rocks into smaller and finer particles

Mechanical Weathering

• Processes that break rocks to pieces without changing their

  chemical composition.

Pressure

• It is applied to rocks, causing them to break

Exfoliation

• Occurs when rapid changes in temperature cause the alternate expansion and contraction of minerals in the rocks, thus breaking the rocks.

Frost Action

• Happens when water trapped in crevices froze, thus splitting the rocks

Organic Activity

• Roots and animals break rocks

Chemical Weathering

• Processes that cause rocks to break by altering their composition

Carbonation

• Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid

Oxidation

• Union of oxygen with other substances forming oxides

Hydration

• Water chemically combines with minerals

Solution

• The dissolving of various substances by water

Erosion

• The process of transporting weathered particles

Terracing

• Building of terraces along slopes

Contouring

• Tilling across slopes

Riprapping

• Building walls on slopes

Reforestation

• Planting trees in deforested areas

Forestation

• Planting trees in areas which were not forests before

Cover Cropping

• Growing plants to cover soil

Crop Rotation

• Systematic planting of crops in succession

Strip Croping

• Planting different crops in alternate strips or rows

Deposition

• The process of leaving behind particles of rocks and minerals as these are eroded from one place to another

Lithification

• The process of converting the deposited particles to hard rock through pressure and compaction

Minerals

• Inorganic, naturally occurring, homogenous element or compound found in rocks and soil

Crystallization

• The growth process of a mineral where atoms are accumulated at the surface of the crystal.

Crystal

• The product of the arrangement of atoms in an orderly manner

Color

• Visible shade of a mineral when light strikes it

Streak

• Color of the mineral in powdered form

Luster

• How a mineral reflects light

Hardness

• Resistance of a mineral to scratching

Specific Gravity

• Relative weight of a mineral compared to water

Cleavage

• Breaking along smooth, flat surfaces

Fracture

• Uneven or curved break in a mineral

Talc

1 in Mohs’ Scale

Gypsum

2 in Mohs’ Scale

Calcite

3 in Mohs’ Scale

Fluorite

4 in Mohs’ Scale

Apatite

5 in Mohs’ Scale

Orthoclase

6 in Mohs’ Scale

Quartz

7 in Mohs’ Scale

Topaz

8 in Mohs’ Scale

Corundum

9 in Mohs’ Scale