Anatomy Review - Kidneys

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

losing a liter of blood after a severe injury can lead to the activation of the…

stretching of the atria due to excess blood volume

what stimulates the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

granular/juxtaglomerular cells

which cells release renin at the start of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

1. sympathetic nervous system stimulation

2. decreased blood flow going to the kidney

two things that most likely cause the kidneys to release more renin

levels of salt in the filtrate passing through the nephron tubule

what do macula densa cells detect

convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

what does renin do

lungs

where is angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) located in the body

angiotensinogen —> renin —> angiotensin I —> angiotensin converting enzyme → angiotensin II —> aldosterone —> vasoconstriction

order of renin-angiotensin through the body from liver to kidney

increase; increase

atrial natriuretic peptide causes what in GFR; and what in the amount of sodium that is excreted

1. distal tubule/collecting duct

2. proximal tubule

which two areas of the nephron does acid-base regulation occur at

cannot

bicarbonate by itself (can/cannot) cross cell membranes

carbonic acid

what bicarbonate becomes when it gains a hydrogen ion

carbonic anhydrase

what causes carbonic acid to break down to CO2 and water

increase the secretion of H+ causing the blood to be less acidic

the effect of aldosterone on the body’s acid-base balance

increased potassium in the blood

what happens to a patient’s blood potassium levels if you gave an ACE inhibitor

capillary hydrostatic pressure

diuretic drugs can decrease edema in the body by decreasing which force/pressure in the body

BUN

out of BUN and creatinine, which one is reabsorbed from the nephron after being filtered through

high

less blood flow to the kidneys - or filtrate moving slower through the body - will give a person a (high/low) BUN to creatinine ratio

both BUN and creatinine

a kidney injury that causes a decrease in the GFR will cause an increase of…

fractional excretion of sodium

the percent of filtered sodium that is excreted in the urine

C = (U x V) / P

what is the renal clearance formula

FeNa% = (sodium excreted/sodium filtered) x 100

what is the fractional excretion of sodium formula