Chapter 4 - Muscular System - Medical Terminology for Health Professions, Ehrlich

bi-

twice, double, two

-cele

hernia, tumor, swelling

dys-

bad, difficult, or painful

fasci/o

fascia, fibrous band

fibr/o

fibrous tissue, fiber

-ia

abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium

-ic

pertaining to

kines/o, kinesi/o

movement

muscul/o, my/o, myos/o

muscle

-plegia

paralysis, stroke

-rrhexis

rupture

tax/o

coordination, order

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon, stretch out, extend, strain

ton/o

tone, stretching, tension

tri-

three

abduction (ab-DUCK-shun)

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

adduction (ah-DUCK-shun)

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.

adhesion (ad-HEE-zhun)

A band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.

ataxia (ah-TACK-see-ah)

The lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement.

atonic (ah-TON-ick)

Lacking normal muscle tone or strength.

atrophy (AT-roh-fee)

Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures.

bradykinesia (brad-ee-kih-NEE-zee-ah)

Extreme slowness in movement.

carpal tunnel syndrome (KAR-pul)

Inflammation and swelling of the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel, which then create pressure on the median nerve.

chronic fatigue syndrome

A debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity.

circumduction (ser-kum-DUCK-shun)

The circular movement at the far end of a limb.

contracture (kon-TRACK-chur)

The permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with non-elastic fibrous tissues.

dorsiflexion (dor-sih-FLECK-shun)

Movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle.

dyskinesia (dis-kih-NEE-zee-ah)

Distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions.

dystonia (dis-TOH-nee-ah)

A condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement.

electromyography (ee-leck-troh-my-OG-rah-fee)

A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation.

epicondylitis (ep-ih-kon-dih-LYE-tis)

Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow.

ergonomics (er-goh-NOM-icks)

The study of human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment.

exercise physiologist (fiz-ee-OL-oh-jist)

A specialist who works under a physician's supervision to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness.

fasciitis (fas-ee-EYE-tis)

Inflammation of a fascia.

fibromyalgia syndrome (figh-broh-my-AL-jee-ah)

A debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms.

ganglion cyst (GANG-glee-on SIST)

A harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist.

heel spur

A calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the heel bone.

hemiparesis (hem-ee-pah-REE-sis)

Slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body.

hemiplegia (hem-ee-PLEE-jee-ah)

Total paralysis affecting only one side of the body.

hernia (HER-nee-ah)

The protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it.

hyperkinesia (high-per-kye-NEE-zee-ah)

Abnormally increased motor function or activity; also known as hyperactivity.

hypotonia (high-poh-TOH-nee-ah)

A condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles.

impingement syndrome (im-PINJ-ment SIN-drohm)

Inflammed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint.

insertion

The point where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon.

intermittent claudication (klaw-dih-KAY-shun)

Pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest.

muscular dystrophy (DIS-troh-fee)

A group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system.

myasthenia gravis (my-as-THEE-nee-ah GRAH-vis)

A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles.

myocele (MY-oh-seel)

The herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it.

myoclonus (my-oh-KLOH-nus)

The quick involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles.

myofascial release (my-oh-FASH-ee-ahl)

A specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome.

myolysis (my-OL-ih-sis)

The degeneration of muscle tissue.

myoparesis (my-oh-pah-REE-sis)

Weakness or slight muscular paralysis.

myorrhaphy (my-OR-ah-fee)

Surgical suturing of a muscle.

neuromuscular (new-roh-MUS-kyou-lar)

Pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle.

oblique (oh-BLEEK)

Slanted or at an angle.

paralysis (pah-RAL-ih-sis)

The loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply.

paraplegia (pahr-ah-PLEE-jee-ah)

Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body.

physiatrist (fiz-ee-AT-rist)

A physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function.

plantar fasciitis (PLAN-tar fas-ee-EYE-tis)

Inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot, causing foot or heel pain when walking or running.

polymyositis (pol-ee-my-oh-SIGH-tis)

A muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body.

pronation (proh-NAY-shun)

The act of rotating the arm or the leg so the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.

quadriplegia (kwad-rih-PLEE-jee-ah)

Paralysis of all four extremities.

range of motion testing

a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength

sarcopenia (sar-koh-PEE-nee-ah)

The loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging.

shin splint

A painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone).

singultus (sing-GUL-tus)

Myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm; also known as hiccups.

spasmodic torticollis (spaz-MOD-ick tor-tih-KOL-is)

A stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

sphincter (SFINK-ter)

A ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway.

sprain

An injury to a joint, such as ankle, knee, or wrist, which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn.

tenodesis (ten-ODD-eh-sis)

The suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone.

tenolysis (ten-OL-ih-sis)

The release of a tendon from adhesions.

tenorrhaphy (ten-OR-ah-fee)

The surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon.

tenosynovitis (ten-oh-sin-oh-VYE-tis)

An inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon.

muscle fibers

long, slender cells that make up muscles

fascia

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

patellar tendon

attaches muscles to the bottom of the patella

Achilles tendon

attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to the heel bone

Muscle Innervative

stimulation of muscle by impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

motor nerves

Control movement by stimulating muscles to contract and relax

antagonistic pairs

muscles that act on opposite sides of a joint

contrasting motions

make contraction and relaxation possible

levator

muscle that raises or elevates a part

depressor

muscle that lowers a body part

tendon

Connects muscle to bone

Aponeurosis

sheet-like fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to a bone

skeletal muscle

Striated & voluntary; Muscle attached to bones; makes motion possible

smooth muscle

involuntary muscle found in internal organs, non striated, visceral

myocardial muscle

involuntary muscle in the walls of the heart; striated

flexion

decreasing the angle of a joint

extension

increases the angle of a joint

elevation

raising a body part

depression

lowering a body part

rotation

circular movement around an axis

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

Supination

turning the palm upward

pronation

turning the palm downward

plantar

downward of the ankle

origin

where the muscle begins

insertion

where the muscle ends

pectoralis major

chest muscle