Cell Biology and Metabolism Review

These flashcards cover key concepts in cell biology, metabolism, and the processes involved in cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

In prokaryotic cells, genetic material is __.

exposed, with no nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells contain __.

a nucleus and organelles.

Ribosomes are present in both prokaryotic and __ cells.

eukaryotic.

Proteins exported from the nucleus have a unique molecular sequence known as __.

Nuclear Export Signal (NES).

The sequence that allows proteins to be imported into the nucleus is called __.

Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS).

Molecules with a molecular weight less than __ KD can pass through the nuclear pore complex.

30.

The __ system is responsible for the transport and processing of proteins within the cell.

Endomembrane.

The lysosome breaks down molecules via __.

hydrolysis.

Motor proteins and cytoskeleton together function like a __ system of the cell.

logistics.

Enzymes lower activation energies by __ substrates to their active site.

attracting.

Feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways occurs when __ regulates the activity of enzymes.

products.

The __ of glycolysis is where ATP is used to split glucose into two 3-carbon sugars.

energy investment phase.

Glycolysis produces a net gain of __ ATP.

2.

The key enzyme regulating the first step of glycolysis is __.

hexokinase.

Cellular respiration is primarily used for __.

breaking down molecules for energy.

The __ reaction of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

pyruvate oxidation.

The citric acid cycle begins with Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form __.

citrate.

During oxidative phosphorylation, the __ creates a proton gradient used to synthesize ATP.

electron transport chain.

Photosynthesis occurs in the __ of plant cells, mainly in their leaves.

chloroplasts.

Light energy, H₂O, and CO₂ are required for photosynthesis, while __ is produced.

glucose.

The process where electrons flow from water to the Calvin cycle is known as __.

electron transport.

An inactive __ protein in cell signaling can prevent the cell from receiving growth signals, leading to cancer.

Notch.

In the G1 checkpoint, the cell checks if the __ is damaged before proceeding.

DNA.

Proto-oncogenes, when mutated, can lead to __ if they become overactive.

cancer.

A __ mutation can lead to an inability to regulate the cell cycle, promoting uncontrolled growth.

tumor suppressor gene.

The end products of fermentation from glucose in the absence of oxygen are __.

lactic acid or ethanol.

ATP synthase uses the proton gradient generated by the __ to produce ATP in cellular respiration.

electron transport chain.