Bio Lab Final Practical

Saprophyte

An organism that feeds on dead or decaying organic matter.

Chitin

A tough, flexible polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi.

Hyphae

The long (thread-like), branching filamentous structures that make up the body of a fungus and are involved in nutrient absorption.

Mycelium

A network of hyphae that forms the vegetative part of a fungus, playing a crucial role in nutrient absorption and growth.

Budding

A form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on the parent organism, commonly seen in yeasts.

Bioindicator

An organism that is used to assess the health of an environment, such as lichens indicating air quality.

Heterotrophic

Are fungi autotrophic or heterotrophic?

-Algae

-Cyanobacteria

Lichens are symbiotic associations between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner. Name the two different photosynthetic organisms that can be found in lichens.

Mycelium

Mass of hyphae

Chitin

Composition of mushroom cell wall

Lichen

Algae + Fungus

Hyphae

Filament of cytoplasm and nuclei

Zygospore

Rhizopus sexual spore

Conidia

Penicillium asexual spore

Budding

Reproduction in yeast

Pileus

Cap of a mushroom

Lichen

Serve as bioindicators

Saccharomyces

Ferment carbohydrate

Gametophyte

The sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and some algae that produces gametes.

Sporophyte

The asexual phase in the life cycle of plants and some algae that produces spores.

Alternation of generations

A reproductive cycle in plants and some algae that alternates between the gametophyte and sporophyte phases.

Xylem

The vascular tissue in plants responsible for the transport of water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Phloem

The vascular tissue in plants that is responsible for the transport of sugars and organic nutrients produced during photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Rhizoid

A root-like structure in non-vascular plants, such as mosses, that anchors the plant to the substrate and absorbs water and nutrients.

Root

The part of the plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil, anchoring the plant and absorbing water and nutrients from the soil.

Cuticle

A protective layer on the surface of plant leaves and stems that helps to reduce water loss and protect against environmental damage.

Seed

A fertilized ovule that develops into a new plant, containing an embryo and a food supply, typically encased in a protective seed coat.

Spore

A reproductive structure in certain plants, fungi, and microorganisms that can develop into a new individual, typically capable of withstanding unfavorable conditions.

No, Anchorage, Water, and Nutrient Absorption

Are rhizoids the same as roots? What function(s) do rhizoids serve?

Is a type of vascular tissue in plants that transports water and dissolves minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant

What is xylem? Is this tissue present in liverworts?

A waxy, protective outer layer found on the surfaces of many land plants, including liverworts. No

What is a cuticle? Is a cuticle present in liverworts?

Haploid

A cell with a single set of chromosomes

Diploid

A cell with two sets of chromosomes

No

Do liverworts have a vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)?

They lack the specialized tissues for water transport, and instead absorb water and nutrients directly through their surface tissue

Liverworts tend to grow in moist or wet habitats. Why?

Gametophyte

Which generation is dominant in liverworts?

No

Do mosses have xylem and phloem?

No

Do mosses have roots?

Haploid Gametophyte Generation

Which generation is dominant in mosses?

a haploid spore

The fern gametophyte arises from

Their sperm need water to swim and fertilize the egg, and their spores are vulnerable to drying out

Ferns tend to be found in moist habitats. What feature(s) of their lifecycle tie them to this environment?

To conserve water, and survive in harsh environments

What are the role(s) of needles in conifers?

Whole Tree

What structure is the sporophyte generation?

Male pollen cones, Female ovule cone

What structure is the gametophyte generation?

Sporophyte

Which generation is dominant?

Different from a moss

Is this the same as or different from a moss?

Cellulose, Chlorophyll, Alternation of generations

Terms that apply to both nonvascular plants and vascular plants

Liverwort

non-vascular

Fern

vascular

Maple tree

vascular

Pine tree

vascular

Moss

non-vascular

Tulip

vascular

Fern

sporophyte

Moss

gametophyte

Maple tree

sporophyte

Liverwort

gametophyte

Moss, Fern, and Liverwort

Plants that rely on water for reproduction

Seed

Which structure has a food source for the developing plant embryo, a seed or a spore

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

List the three primary germ layers and identify the body tissue(s) they give rise to

Ectoderm

Forms the skin and nervous system

Mesoderm

Forms muscles, bones, blood, and internal organs

Endoderm

Forms the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts

Coelom

Is a fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by mesoderm.

Coelomate

An organism with a coelom

Radial symmetry

Body parts are arranged around a central axis

Bilateral symmetry

Body has left halves that are mirror images. (Applies to Humans)

Mantle

Tissue that secretes shell mollusks

Nematocysts

Stinging cells used for defense and capturing prey

Proglottid

Segment of a tapeworm containing reproductive organs

Choanocytes

Flagellated cells that move water and trap food particles

Tube Feet

Used by echinoderms for movement and feeding

Anterior

The front part of an organism, often associated with the head or leading end.

Posterior

The back part of an organism, typically opposite the anterior.

Dorsal

The upper side or back of an organism, usually opposite the ventral surface.

Ventral

The underside or belly of an organism, typically opposite the dorsal surface.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body, typically opposite the medial plane.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin of a structure, typically used in reference to limbs.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or origin of a structure, typically used in reference to limbs.

Superficial

Located closer to the surface of the body, often used to describe structures that are nearer to the outer skin.

Deep

Away from the surface; more internal

Size + Shape, Habitat, Color Pattern, Behavior

The four keys to bird identification

It changes with age, season, and lighting conditions

Why is plumage color not always useful for identifying a bird?

Food sources, shelter, and nesting areas

What habitat features make a “great place” to look for birds?

Group, Size + Shape

When identifying an unknown bird, first try to put it in a ______ then focus on ______ comparisons

Bill, Body shape, Tail, Wings

What four parts of a bird are most useful for identification?

Bill length + Body size

What two features are helpful for distinguishing between a Downy and a Hairy Woodpecker?

Overall color pattern

For best success, the video hosts suggest ignoring subtleties of colors and instead focusing on ______

Head + Wings

What two body parts are most useful to identifying birds

Wing Bars

Bald, contrasting color stripes on the wings are called

It’s consistent and species specific

Why is behavior a useful tool for bird identification?

Posture, foraging, flight behavior

What are the three types of behavior most commonly used for identification?

They are seasonal, and not used year-round

What are behaviors, like courtship and nesting not generally used?

Posture

How the bird stands

Foraging

How and where a bind searches for food

Flight behavior

Pattern and speed of flight

Food, Water, Shelter, and Nesting place

List the four factors provided by the habitat of a bird species

Forest, Grassland, Wetlands, Urban / Suburban

List and describe the four different habitat types highlighted

First to decide where to search for birds, second to narrow down possible species observed

The hosts of the video describe habitat as being considered twice. What do they mean?