ALL FLASHCARDS

Bacterial cell division

Binary fission, budding, spores

Solid colony formation

Agar-based, identical colony, allows for mixed culture, colony characteristics

Liquid planktonic formation

Aquatic, broth, industry

Biofilm

Forms a layer, increased antibiotic resistance, persistent infections

\# cells after incubation calculation

\# cells started with x 2 ^ n (n \= \# generations)

Generation time calculation

Incubation time / \# generations

Hauser Petroff direct counting

Stain, fix, dilute cells and count

Coulter counter

Measures electrical current/resistance, fast and accurate, does not distinguish between dead and live cells

Viable plate method indirect counting

Counts formed colonies, only living cells

MPN indirect counting

Counts \# of cloudy broths, useful for water testing

Turbidity

Measures cell mass and density using a spectrophotometer, does not distinguish live/dead cells

pH factor

Too high/low pH \= protein denaturing

Neutrophiles

Neutral pH, E. coli

Acidophiles

Acidic pH, thermoacidophilus

Alkalphiles

Basic pH, spirulina

Obligate aerobe

Strictly use oxygen

Facultative anaerobes

Use oxygen if available

Obligate anaerobes

Killed by oxygen

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Do not use oxygen, but are not harmed by it

Microaerophile

Require small amounts of oxygen

Barophiles

Require high pressure, deep-sea bacteria

Barotolerance

Can withstand high pressure, many bacteria

Pressure sensitivity

Can’t withstand pressure, yeasts

UV radiation

Damages DNA, does not penetrate far

Ionizing radiation

High-energy, sterilizing procedure

Visible light

Phototrophs, use light for energy, algae

Defined media

All ingredients known, studying nutrient requirements

Complex media

Unknown components, useful for culturing a wide variety of microbes

Selective media

Allow only some bacteria to grow

Differential media

Distinguish between bacteria

Enriched media

Supplemented for the growth of difficult microbes

Mesophiles

Medium temperature, E. coli

Thermophiles

Hot temperature, pyrococcus

Psychrophiles

Cold temperatures, listeria

What’s the purpose of metabolism

Growth, maintenance, make more cells

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions

Catabolism

Breakdown reactions, releases energy

Anabolism

Build up reactions, require energy

Autotrophs

Organisms that use CO2 as a carbon source

Heterotrophs

Use organic compounds for a carbon source

Chemotrophs

Use chemicals for energy

What is chemical energy

Cells have an energy currency to do work

What types of work are there

Transport, mechanical, chemical

Where is energy stored

In chemical bonds

Reduction

Gain electrons and hydrogen, negative charge

Oxidation

Lose electrons and hydrogen, positive charge

What are the steps of energy capture

Food burned (oxidized), bonds break (ATP made), electrons and hydrogen ions freed, cells trap FAD and NAD and accept electrons, FADH2 and NADH make ATP in the ETC

Glycolysis

Break down of glucose with water

What are the steps of glycolysis

Glucose is broken down into two pyruvate compounds

What are the two products of pentose phosphate pathway

Ribose and erythrose

How many carbons are in ribose and what is it needed for

5 and DNA

How many carbons are in erythrose and what is it needed for

4 and amino acids

What does the Krebs cycle yield

4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP

What does glycolysis yield

2 ATP and 2 NADH

What does the Krebs cycle start with

A pyruvate

What are the intermediates of the Krebs cycle

Citrate, alpha ketogluterate, succinate, fumate, maltate, oxaloacetate

What delivers electrons to the ETC

NADH and FADH2

What is pumped across the ETC

Hydrogens and electrons

What accepts electrons in the ETC

Oxygen

Where does ATP come from in the ETC

Synthase, moves from high to low

Photosynthetic pigments absorb…

Light

Where are pigments located in eukaryotes

Thykaloid

Where are pigments located in prokaryotes

Plasma

Where do light reactions happen

ETC

Cyclic phosphorylation

ATP only

Noncyclic phosphorylation

ATP and NADPH

Light reaction steps

Photons excite pigments electrons, electrons are used to make ATP and NADPH

Calvin cycle steps

Carboxylation, reduction, regeneration

Carboxylation

Fix CO2, uses ribulose enzyme

Reduction in the Calvin cycle

Uses NADPH and ATP

Regeneration

Makes ribose and glucose for autotrophs

Lithotrophs use

Oxidation

Anaerobes use

Reduction

Nitrification steps

Ammonia → Nitrite → Nitrate (happens in prokaryotes)

Adaption

Microbes express traits that allow them to succeed in a certain environment

Evolution

Microbial adaptions / genetic changes that are successful

Genotype

Sum of genes

Phenotype

Depends if genes are expressed or silent

Constitutive genes

Always on

Induced genes

Turned on when they need to be

Repressed genes

Turned off when it needs to be

Attenuated genes

Transcription slows down when sufficient product is present

Gene structure: Promoter

Recognition site

Gene structure: RNA

Binding site

Biochemical mutation

Resistance to antibiotics

Lethal mutation

Cell dies

Why are eukaryotes less susceptible to genetic change

They’re typically diploid

Silent mutation

No observable effect

Spontaneous mutation

Replication error or jumping genes

Induced mutation

Chemical or radiation induced

Missense mutation

Changes one amino acid

Silent mutation

Changes one condon, but both represent the same amino acid, no change in protein

Nonsense mutation

Stops a condon, shortens the protein

Frameshift mutation

Adding or deleting two bases, destroys function of the protein

Mobile gene pool: Plasmids

Replicate single or multiple copies

F plasmids

Pilus genes

R plasmids

Enzymes and transporters

Integration

Chromosomal, plasmids, viral DNA

Restriction enzymes

Cut DNA at palindromic sequences and produce sticky ends that attach

Transference: Conjugation

Cell to cell contact, one way