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what is chance and why is it important
something with no cause instead it just happens - cannot be 100% sure that an observed effect wasn’t due to chance so need to decide on a probability that we will ‘risk’
explain the probability level of p≤0.05
express a degree of uncertainty
ensures that there is a balance between the risk of making a type I or a type II error as it is not too lenient or too strict
5% chance of results occurring due to null hypothesis
what is a type one error
occurs when a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true
false positive whereby the psychologist falsely claims their findings are significant when in fact there is not
what is a type two error
occurs when a researcher accepts a null hypothesis that was not true
false negative whereby the psychologist thinks their findings were not statistically significant, but they were
what is nominal data
data in separate categories e.g. grouping pp according to favuorite football team
what is ordinal data
data ordered in some way AND the difference between each item is not the same e.g. ranking preferences
what is interval data
data measured using units of equal intervals e.g. temperature
what is ratio data
data measured in equal intervals with a true zero point e.g. weight
reasons for the use of the sign test
testing for difference
groups are related
data is nominal
reasons for the use of the chi squared test
testing for difference or correlation
groups are unrelated
data is nominal
reasons for the use of the mann-whitney test
testing for difference
groups are unrelated
data is ordinal
reasons for the use of the wilcoxon test
testing for difference
groups are related
data is ordinal
reasons for the use of the unrelated t test
testing for difference
groups are unrelated
data is interval
population is assumed to have a normal distribution
variance of the sample is assumed to be the same
reasons for the use of the related t test
testing for difference
groups are related
data is interval
population is assumed to have a normal distribution
variance of the sample is assumed to be the same
reasons for the use of the spearman’s rho test
testing for correlation
groups are related
data is ordinal
reasons for the use of the pearsons r test
testing for correlation
groups are related
data is interval
population is assumed to have a normal distribution
variance of the sample is assumed to be the same
Note 
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