A&P Final Exam

What is the subunit of protein (polypeptides)?

amino acid

What is the subunit of carbohydrate (polysaccharides)?

monosaccharide

What is the subunit of lipids?

fatty acid + glycerol

What is the subunit of nucleic acids?

nucleotide

What are the examples of proteins?

6 functions like channels/pumps, cytoskeleton, enzymes, structure, regulation, receptors

What are the examples of carbohydrates?

chitin, cellulose, glycogen, starch

What are the examples of lipids?

membrane phospholipids with hydrophobic/philic ends, and saturated and unsaturated triglycerides

What is a saturated triglyceride?

has max number of hydrogens and no double bonds

What is an unsaturated triglyceride?

has double bonds

What is the structure of steroids?

flat/connected rings

What are the examples of nucleic acids?

DNA, rRNA, tRNA, mRNA, ATP

What are the 3 types of bonds?

hydrogen, ionic, covalent

What is a hydrogen bond?

hydrogen bonded to a larger atom

What is an ionic bond?

bond between two oppositely charged ions

What is a covalent bond?

bond formed when electrons are shared between two atoms

What is DNA replication?

2 double helices from one

What is transcription?

DNA is used as template for mRNA

What is translation?

mRNA is used as template for protein

On a logarithmic scale, pH 14 to 10 is _____ ____ ________.

10,000 more hydrogen

What do prokaryotes have that eukaryotes do not?

nucleoid, circular DNA

What do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes do not?

nucleus, organelles, linear DNA

What do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have?

cells, cell membrane, ribosomes

What do animal cells have that plant cells do not?

lysosomes, many small vacuoles, nucleus usually in center, rounded shape

What do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

chloroplasts, cell wall, one large central vacuoles, nucleus usually pushed to side, rectangular-ish shape

What do both plant and animal cells have?

mitochondria, ribosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulums, vacuoles, nucleus, nuclear membrane, cell membrane, cytoplasm, golgi apparatus

Fill in the blanks for the following information about a membrane:

• ___________ permeable

• phospholipid _______

• ________

• _____ ______ model

• transport = _________

• _______ - water

• ____ to ___ concentration

• _______ channels vs. ______ pumps/energy

selectively; bilayer; proteins; fluid mosaic; diffusion; osmosis; high, low; passive, active

What does the nucleus contain?

DNA

What process are ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum involved in?

protein synthesis

What process is the mitochondria involved in?

cellular respiration

What process are the lysosomes involved in?

enzymatic breakdown of engulfed material

What process is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum involved in?

lipid synthesis

What other functions do the organelles provide?

carb metabolism, ion storage

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

receive and transport proteins to other organelles/membrane/outside

What do peroxisomes do?

converts toxic chemicals to peroxide and then water and oxygen

What are the three parts of the cytoskeleton?

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

What do microfilaments provide?

actin, extensions, movement

What do intermediate filaments provide?

keratin, structure to cytosol

What do microtubules provide?

tubulin, flagella, cilia, mitotic spindle

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, mitosis, meiosis, cytokinesis

What is G1 and what happens during it?

first phase of interphase, cell grows

What happens during phase S?

cell replicates DNA

What is G2 and what happens during it?

final phase of interphase, cell continues growing

What are the phases of mitosis in order?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What happens during prophase?

chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disintegrates

What happens during metaphase?

chromosomes line up at center

What happens during anaphase?

sister chromosomes separate

What happens during telophase?

chromosomes decondense at opposite sides

How many divisions does meiosis have compared to mitosis?

2 divisions instead of 1

What happens during the first prophase of meiosis?

homologous chromosomes find each other and recombine

What kind of cells does meiosis involved compared to mitosis?

4 similar/haploid cells instead of 2 identical ones

Meiosis:

______ instead of all _____ __ ____

gonads, cells of body

What happens during cytokinesis?

split of cytoplasm

What are the types of epithelial tissues?

simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified, transitional

What is simple epithelial tissue?

one layer

What is stratified epithelial tissue?

more than one layer

What is the structure of squamous epithelial tissue?

flat

What is the structure of cuboidal epithelial tissue?

cube/square shaped

What is the structure of columnar epithelial tissue?

tall

What is pseudostratified epithelial tissue?

single layers that appear as multiple layers

What is transitional epithelial tissue?

can change shape/structure

What are the types of muscle tissues?

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

What are the types of nervous tissues?

neurons, neuroglia

What are the types of connective tissues?

blood, adipose (fat), bone, cartilage-fibro, hyaline, elastic, areolar, collagenous

What are unique features of smooth muscle tissues?

spindle shaped, less obvious striations

Where are some areas smooth muscle tissues are located?

digestive tract, arteries, uterus, bladder

What are unique features of skeletal muscle tissues?

voluntary, many nuclei

What are unique features of cardiac muscle tissues?

branched, intercalated disks, longer plateau phase

What is the first step of action potential?

resting membrane potential (negative and more K+ inside, positive and more Na+ outside)

What is the second step of action potential?

brain signal travels along an axon to muscle cell

What is the third step of action potential?

calcium channels open and Ca2+ diffuses into neuron

What is the fourth step of action potential?

synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and release Ach into synapse

What is the fifth step of action potential?

Ach opens sodium channels and Na+ diffuses into muscle cell (depolarization, + in)

What is the sixth step of action potential?

potassium channels open and K+ diffuses out of muscle cell (repolarization, - in)

What is the seventh step of action potential?

action potential travels along sarcolemma and t-tubules

What is the eighth step of action potential?

calcium channels open on SR and Ca2+ diffuses into cytoplasm of muscle cell

What is the ninth step of action potential?

Ca2+ binds with troponin which pulls tropomyosin binding sites on actin

What is the tenth step of action potential?

myosin binds and pulls actin forming a cross-bridge

What is the eleventh step of action potential?

ATP binds to myosin releasing it from actin

What is the twelfth step of action potential?

ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP+P energizing myosin for next pull on actin

What are the components of a sarcomere?

A band, M line, Z disk, H zone, I band

What is the A band?

all of myosin

What is the M line?

where myosin/thick filament attaches

What is the Z disk?

where actin/thin filament attaches

What is the H zone?

only myosin

What is the I band?

only actin

In the correct order, what is the bundle within bundle?

skeletal muscle, muscle fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril

What are the main parts of the brain?

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon

What does the cerebrum for?

conscious thoughts

What is the cerebellum for?

balance, repetitive

What are the parts of the brain stem?

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

What is the midbrain for?

unconscious thoughts like heart rate, breathing

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala

What is the hypothalamus for?

mood, endocrine

What is the thalamus for?

connector

What are the divisions of the brain?

CNS, PNS, afferent, efferent

What is the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

What is the peripheral nervous system?

nerves and ganglia outside of CNS

What is the afferent division?

from sensory receptors to CNS

What is the efferent division and what are its’ subdivisions?

from CNS to effector organs (muscles & glands), somatic and autonomic

What is the somatic subdivision?

to skeletal muscles