AP Gov: Chapter 1 Vocab

politics

the process of influencing the actions and policies of government.

government

the rules and institutions that make up that system of policymaking.

democracy

a system of government where power is held by the people.

natural rights

the right to life, liberty, and property, which government cannot take away.

social contract

people allow their governments to rule over them to ensure an orderly and functioning society.

American political culture

the set of beliefs, customs, traditions, and values that Americans share.

popular sovereignty

the idea that the government’s right to rule comes from the people.

republicanism

a system in which the government’s authority comes from the people through their representatives.

inalienable rights

rights the government cannot take away.

liberty

social, political, and economic freedoms.

participatory democracy

the theory that widespread political partici­ pation is essential for democratic government.

civil society group

an independent association outside the government’s control.

pluralist theory

a theory of democracy that emphasizes the role of groups in the policymaking process.

elitist theory

theory of democracy that the elites have a disproportionate amount of influence in the policymaking process.

political institutions

the structure of government, including the executive, legislature, and judiciary.

constitutional republic

a democratic system with elected representa tives in which the constitution is the supreme law.

constitution

a document that sets out the fundamental principles of governance and establishes the institutions of a government.

republic

a government ruled by representatives of the people.

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union

a governing document that created a union of thirteen sovereign states in which the states, not the union, were supreme.

unicameral

a one­house legislature.

Shays’s Rebellion

a popular uprising against the government of Massachusetts.

Constitutional Convention

a meeting attended by state delegates in 1787 to fix the Articles of Confederation.

writ of habeas corpus

the right of people detained by the government to know the charges against them.

bill of attainder

when the legislature declares someone guilty without a trial.

ex post facto law

a law punishing people for acts that were not crimes at the time they were committed.

Virginia Plan

a plan of government calling for a three­branch govern­ ment with a bicameral legislature, where more populous states would have more representation in Congress.

New Jersey Plan

a plan of government that provided for a unicameral legislature with equal votes for each state.

bicameral

a two­house legislature.

Grand Committee

a committee at the Constitutional Convention that worked out the compromise on representation.

Great Compromise

an agreement for a plan of government that drew upon both the Virginia and New Jersey Plans; it settled issues of state representation by calling for a bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives apportioned proportionately and a Senate apportioned equally.

Three-Fifths Compromise

an agreement reached by delegates at the Constitutional Convention that a slave would count as three­fifths of a person in calculating a state’s representation.

Compromise on Importation

Congress could not restrict the slave trade until 1808.

separation of powers

a design of government that distributes powers across institutions in order to avoid making one branch too powerful on its own.

checks and balances

a design of government in which each branch has powers that can prevent the other branches from making policy.

federalism

the sharing of power between the national government and the states.

legislative branch

the institution responsible for making laws.

expressed or enumerated powers

authority specifically granted to a branch of the government in the Constitution.

necessary and proper or elastic clause

language in Article I, Section 8, granting Congress the powers necessary to carry out its enumerated powers.

implied powers

authority of the federal government that goes beyond its expressed powers; powers not granted specifically to the national gover­ nment but considered necessary to carry out the enumerated powers.

executive branch

the institution responsible for carrying out laws passed by the legislative branch.

judicial branch

the institution responsible for hearing and deciding cases through federal courts.

supremacy clause

constitutional provision declaring that the Constitu­ tion and all national laws and treaties are the supreme law of the land.

amendment

a constitutional provision for a process by which changes may be made to the Constitution.

Federalist

supporter of the proposed Constitution, who called for a strong national government.

Antifederalist

a person opposed to the proposed Constitution who favored stronger state governments.

Federalist Papers

a series of eighty­five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay and published between 1787 and 1788 that lay out the theory behind the Constitution.

Federalist No. 51

an essay in which Madison argues that separation of powers and federalism will prevent tyranny.

faction

a group of self­interested people.

Federalist No. 10

an essay in which Madison argues that the dangers of faction can be mitigated by a large republic and republican government.

Brutus No. 1

an Antifederalist paper arguing that the country was too large to be governed as a republic and that the Constitution gave too much power to the national government.

federalism

the sharing of power between the national government and the states.

unitary system

a system where the central government has all of the power over subnational governments.

confederal system

a system where the subnational governments have most of the power.

federal system

a system where power is divided between the national and state governments.

expressed or enumerated powers

authority specifically granted to a branch of the government in the Constitution.

exclusive powers

powers only the national government may exercise.

implied powers

authority of the federal government that goes beyond its expressed powers; powers not granted specifically to the national gover­ nment but considered necessary to carry out the enumerated powers.

commerce clause

grants Congress the authority to regulate interstate business and commercial activity.

necessary and proper or elastic clause

language in Article I, Section 8, granting Congress the powers necessary to carry out its enumerated powers.

supremacy clause

constitutional provision declaring that the Constitu­ tion and all national laws and treaties are the supreme law of the land.

Tenth Amendment

reserves powers not delegated to the national government to the states and the people; the basis of federalism.

reserved powers

powers not given to the national government, which are retained by the states and the people.

concurrent powers

powers granted to both states and the federal government in the Constitution.

full faith and credit clause

constitutional clause requiring states to recognize the public acts, records, and civil court proceedings from another state.

extradition

the requirement that officials in one state return a defendant to another state where the crime was committed.

privileges and immunities clause

prevents states from discrimina­ ting against people from out of state.

Thirteenth Amendment

constitutional amendment that outlaws slavery.

Fourteenth Amendment

constitutional amendment asserting that persons born in the United States are citizens and prohibits states from denying persons due process or equal protection under the law.

dual federalism

a form of American federalism in which the states and the national government operate independently in their own areas of public policy.

selective incorporation

the process through which the Supreme Court applies fundamental rights in the Bill of Rights to the states on a case­by­case basis.

cooperative federalism

a form of American federalism in which the states and the national government work together to shape public policy.

grants-in-aid

federal money provided to states to implement public policy objectives.

fiscal federalism

the federal government’s use of grants­in­aid to influence policies in the states.

categorical grants

grants­in­aid provided to states with specific provisions on their use.

unfunded mandate

federal requirement the states must follow without being provided with funding.

block grant

a type of grants­in­aid that gives state officials more authority in the disbursement of federal funds.

revenue sharing

when the federal government apportions tax money to the states with no strings attached.

devolution

returning more authority to state or local governments.