Antigens

An antigen is any substance that can ______ components of the immune system.

bind to

An immunogen is a substance that ______ products of the immune system.

reacts with

Adjuvants are added to vaccines to ______ the immune response.

enhance

A hapten is a low MW compound that can bind ______

antibody

A hapten-carrier compound causes ______.

immune response

What is an example of a hapten-carrier complex?

Urushiol and Langerhans cells

T-dependent antigens require processed antigens presented to ______.

T cells

T-dependent antigens are ______ antigens.

most

T-dependent antigens can undergo ______.

class switching

T-dependent antigens can have ______ response.

amnestic (recall)

T-dependent antigens are associated with _____ cells.

memory

T-independent antigens stimulate ______ without T cells.

antibody

T-independent antigens have ______ units.

repetitive

T-independent antigens involve ______.

bacterial polysaccharides

T-independent antigens are ______ only.

IgM

T-independent antigens trigger a ______ and ______ immune response.

rapid, initial

Epitopes recognized by B cells are ______ the molecule.

outside

They can be ______ or ______ in shape.

linear, nonlinear

Epitopes recognized by T cells are ______ the molecule.

inside

They are ______ in shape.

linear

They are produced by ______.

antigen processing

What are the factors of immunogenicity (antigenicity)?

- Genetic makeup

- Dose of antigen

- Route of immunization

- Primary vs. secondary immune response

Immunogenicity is the ability to induce an ______.

immune response

What are the 4 main characteristics of immunogenicity?

- Foreignness

- High MW

- Chemical complexity

- Degradability and interaction with host MHC

Antigenicity is the ability to ______ to a specific substance.

bind

Cross-reactivity occurs when two antigens share ______.

epitopes/shape

The higher the affinity, the more ______ the immune response.

affinity

Precipitation curve

Affinity is the strength of binding that an Ab binding site has with its corresponding ______.

antigen/epitope

Avidity is the stability of the ______ complex.

antibody-antigen

Affinity is a property of the ______, while avidity is a property of the ______.

antigen, antibody

Low affinity antibodies don't ______ with the antigen.

bind strongly

High affinity antibodies are most ______ antibodies.

reagent (mAb)

Precipitation occurs when an Ag and Ab react and ______ occurs.

cross-linking

This reaction can be detected by ______ of the complex out of solution.

precipitation

Agglutination occurs when a surface Ag forms a visible ______ when bound by Ab.

aggregation

This most often happens with ______.

IgM

What are the types of agglutination?

Direct, passive, reverse passive

Direct agglutination occurs when the Ag is ______ on the surface of an RBC.

naturally coated

Passive agglutination

Antibodies or antigens attached to particles (latex beads)

Reverse passive agglutination

Antibody is attached to the carrier particle (instead of antigen)

Agglutination and precipitation are similar because they both crosslink Ab and Ag and form a ______.

precipitate

Precipitation has a ______ antigen.

soluble

Agglutination has an ______ antigen.

insoluble