APUSH Unit One and Two: 1491-1607

Bering Strait

land bridge -- Native Americans crossed this former land bridge from Asia to the Americas

Aztecs

Ancient civilization (1200-1521AD) that was located in what is present-day Mexico City

Incas

Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru

Cahokia

The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E.

Eastern Woodland Indians

The group of Indian tribes that occupied the whole East Coast of North America. Burnt trees, hinted, fished, and grew crops..

Algonquian

A group or nation in the northeast that included the Lenape, Montauk, Machican, and Adirondack. They speak the Algonquian language. Big traders.

Pueblo Cultures

They were located in the Rio Grande Valley and constructed intricate systems to water their cornfields. They were dwelling in villages of multistoried terraced buildings when Spanish explorers made contact with them in the sixteenth century.

Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

The Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

The Crusades

A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Ferdinand II

King of Spain, who - with Queen Isabella - funded Christopher Columbus's voyages. He also helped lead the Spanish Reconquista (a.k.a. Spanish Inquisition)

Isabella I

• Queen of Spain

• created a unified Spain

• Sponsored Christopher Columbus voyage.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) Helped colonize parts of North America and the Caribbean.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Chesapeake Region

area around Chesapeake Bay, including colonies of Virginia and Maryland

Smallpox

Disease carried to North America by the Spanish. Native Americans were killed due to lack of immunity.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Mercantilism

Government assisted in trade and production of goods, resulting in a lot of wealth brought to England.

Plantation Colonies

The colonies, especially the southern ones, that relied on the plantation method of farming.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia. Initially unsuccessful but grew into a large colony due to tobacco.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Powhatan

Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, Powhatan left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until Powhatan's death.

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses. Laws had to be approved first by the British government.

Headright System

System in Virginia that encouraged colonizers to buy slaves and indentured servants and bring them to the New World in exchange for land

The Iroquois

A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests. Great fighters and fur traded frequently with the Dutch.

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620. Wanted to find religious freedom away from England.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. 175 tried for witchcraft and Puritans were highly against the "witches."

The Pequot War

Conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut

Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

1675-1676, period of bloody conflict between Wampanoag Indians and Puritan settlers in New England, an example of Indian resistance to English expansion in North America. Natives were overpowered by settlers, ending conflict.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

The Glorious Revolution

the overthrow of King James II of England. William and Mary took over and revoked some of the restrictive policies James placed upon the colonies.

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

The West Indies

Caribbean Islands. English, Spanish, and Dutch took advantage of the warm climate to create large plantations of cash crops like sugar.

Slave Trade

The business of capturing, transporting, and selling people as slaves

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. Millions died because of disease and starvation.

The Stono Rebellion

a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws

Salutary Neglect

an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty

The Currency Act

prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, destabilized colonial economy

George Whitefield

English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware. very diverse and religiously tolerant. High populations because of farm land. Instability between groups.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. Ideas spread to colonies, influenced revolution.

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. Key figure in philosophy and technology in the colonies.

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)

The term refers to a series of conflicts that waged from 1756 to 1763. The war was a product of economic rivalries that existed in Europe over the treasures of the Americas. The wars were seen in India, the West Indies (Caribbean) and North America. As a result of the conflict, the French lost their empire in North America and the British would create more control over the contested regions, squeezing the French out in the process.

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain