Cell Theory, Structures, and Transport Methods in Biology

Living things characteristics

Be made of cells, reproduce, use energy, maintain homeostasis, react to stimuli, and grow.

Cell theory

All cells come from preexisting cells, all organisms are made of one or more cells, and the cell is the basic unit of structure and function for living things.

Common features of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

They all have a cell membrane, they all have DNA, they all have cytoplasm, and they all have ribosomes.

Prokaryotes

Do not have a nucleus, or membrane-bound organelles and are unicellular.

Eukaryotes

Have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles and are multicellular, or uniclellular

Animal cell components

Centriole, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, cell membrane, golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, ribosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Plant cell components

Cell wall, cell membrane, central vacuole, ribosome, mitochondrion, cytoplasm, golgi bodies, peroxisome, chloroplast, smooth ER, rough ER, nucleolus, nucleus, nuclear membrane.

Nucleus

Contains DNA.

Rough ER

Dotted with ribosomes; newly made proteins from the ribosomes are modified and shaped on the ER.

Smooth ER

Produces lipids, hormones, steroids, and inactivates harmful toxins.

Golgi apparatus

Modifies and stores proteins and lipids as well as packages them for transport out of the cell.

Lysosome

Only in animal cells, made in the Golgi apparatus, breaks down organelles and recycles things; it's a type of vesicle.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance in all cells which suspends organelles; many reactions happen here.

Ribosomes

Non-membrane bound organelles that perform anabolism via dehydration reaction; in prokaryotes they are free-floating, and in eukaryotes they are attached to endoplasmic reticulum and free-floating.

Peroxisome

Contains enzymes that help break down hydrogen peroxide.

Vacuole

No enzymes, for storage.

Mitochondria

The site of cellular respiration, converting glucose to ATP.

Chloroplasts

Plastids, site of photosynthesis; chlorophyll is a green pigment that helps absorb sunlight.

Lukoplasts

Use other pigments to perform photosynthesis.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that hold the cell together, keeps its shape, and aids in movement.

Cell wall

Types of cell; plant cells and bacterial cells provide structure and support for the cell.

Fluid mosaic model

The current theory; Mosaic: the membrane is made of a variety of molecules, phospholipids, and proteins. Fluid: Molecules within the membrane are free to move in it.

Active transport

Uses energy (ATP) against concentration gradient; includes protein pump, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

Passive transport

No energy, goes with concentration gradient; includes diffusion (facilitated diffusion) and osmosis.

Hypotonic solution

A solution that has a low solute concentration (a high water concentration) relative to another solution.

Hypertonic solution

A solution that has a high solute concentration (a low water concentration) relative to another solution.

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