HSCI CH 10: Musculoskeletal System

articulation

place of union between two or more bones; joint

calculi

stones

chondropexy

fixation of the cartilage

phalangectomy

excision of digit bones

tendinopathy

disease of the tendons

dactylitis

inflammation of the digits

distal epiphysis

terminal end of long bones

• surface covered in articular cartilage

hematopoiesis

production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow

osteoclast

cell that breaks down the matrix of a bone

ligaments

CT that surrounds the joint capsule to bind bones to other bones

tendons

CT that binds muscle to bones

skeletal muscles

attached to bones and provide means for movement

• voluntary muscles that contract/relax in response to conscious thought

• striated

smooth muscles

assist in internal processes like digestion, circulation, and urination

• visceral muscles/involuntary muscles

• not under conscious control

cardiac muscles

found only in the heart wall; forms myocardium

• striated, rhythmic involuntary contractions

flexion

decreases angle of joint

extension

increases angle of joint

pronation

turns palm downward

supination

turns palm upward

inversion

moves the sole of the foot inward

eversion

moves sole of the foot outward

dorsiflexion

elevates the foot

plantar flexion

lowers the foot, points toes

short bones

somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width

ex: bones of wrists and ankles

irregular bones

bones that can’t be classified as short or long because of their complex shape

ex: vertebrae and bones of middle ear

flat bones

provide broad surfaces for muscular attachments or protection of internal organs

ex: skull, shoulder blades, and sternum

long bones

found in extremities; regular, well-defined shapes

• diaphysis, distal epiphysis, and proximal epiphysis

diaphysis

shaft, main portion of bone

compact bone

forms a cylinder ann surrounds a central canal of the diaphysis

medullary cavity

central canal of the diaphysis that is filled with “yellow bone marrow”

distal and proximal epiphysis

two ends of the bones; have a bulbous shape to provide ligament and muscle attachment

articular cartilage

thin outer layer of cartilage where bones meet to form joints

epiphyseal line (growth plate)

area of cartilage constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows; responsible for lengthening bones during childhood and adolescence

compact bone

middle layer of epiphyses; thick dense layer

spongy bone

inner layer of porous tissue that is less dense and filled with red bone marrow

periosteum

dense, white, fibrous membrane, covering the remaining surface of the bone

• blood, lymph vessels, nerves

• means for bone repair and nutrition

osteoblasts

bone-forming cells

fontanels

fibrous membranes connecting the cranium bones at birth

• permit some movement between bones to enable easier passage through birth canal

leiomy/o

smooth muscle

muscul/o (latin)

muscle (latin)

my/o (greek)

muscle (greek)

rhabd/o

rod-shaped (striated)

rhabdomy/o

rod-shaped (striated) muscle

brachi/o

arm

carp/o

carpus (wrist bone)

cephal/o

head

cervic/o

neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)

clavicul/o

clavicle

cost/o

ribs

crani/o

cranium

dactyl/o

fingers; toes

humer/o

humerus

metacarp/o

metacarpus (hand bones)

phalang/o

phalanges

radi/o

radius

spondyl/o (greek)

vertebrae (greek)

vertebr/o (latin)

vertebrae (latin)

stern/o

sternum

thorac/o

chest

calcane/o

calcaneum (heel bone)

femur/o

femur

fibul/o

fibula

ili/o

ilium; lateral flaring portion of hip bone

ischi/o

ischium; lower portion of the hip bone

lumb/o

loins

metatars/o

metatarsus (foot bones)

patell/o

patella

pelv/i (greek)

pelvis (greek)

pelv/o (latin)

pelvis (latin)

pod/o

foot

pub/o

pubis

tibi/o

tibia

ankyl/o

stiffness; bent, crooked

arthr/o

joint

chondr/o

cartilage

fasci/o

band, fascia

fibr/o

fiber, fibrous tissue

kyph/o

humpback

lamin/o

lamina (part of vertebral arch)

lord/o

curve, swayback

myel/o

bone marrow; spinal cord

orth/o

straight

oste/o

bone

ped/o (latin)

foot, child (latin)

scoli/o

crooked, bent

synov/o

synovial membran, synovial fluid

ten/o, tend/o, and tendin/o

tendon

asthenia

weakness, debility

clasia

to break; surgical fracture

clast

to break; surgical fracture

desis

binding, fixation of bone or joint

malacia

softening

porosis

porous

sarcoma

malignant tumor of CT

syn

union, together, joined

orthopedics

branch of medicine concerned with musculoskeletal disorders

rheumatologist

physician who specializes in treating joint disease

doctor of osteopathy

maintains that good health requires proper alignment of bones, muscles, ligaments, and nerves

fracture

break or crack in a bone

open fracture, compound fracture

end of broken bone pierces through the flesh

pathological fracture

fractures resulting from disease