ANAPHY LEC - Respiratory System

1external nose

“encloses the chamber for air inspiration”

1nasal cavity

cleaning, warming, humidifying chamber for inspired air

1pharynx

throat; shared passageway of food and air

1larynx

voice box, keep airway always open

1trachea

windpipe air cleaning tube

1bronchi

tubes that direct air to lungs

1lungs

labyrinth of air tubes with air sacs

ventilation

movement of air into and out of the lungs (breathing)

respiration

diffusion of gases across cell membranes

external respiration

“terminal portion of the air tubes, are tiny air sacs called alveoli. Oxygen moves out of the alveolar air and into the blood. At the same time, CO2 diffuses out of the blood and joins the air in the alveoli”

internal respiration

“Gas exchange with the tissues involves the exit of O2 from the blood into cells, while CO2 exits cells to enter the blood.”

upper respiratory tract

nose to larynx

lower respiratory tract

trachea to alveoli

conducting zone

nose to smallest air tubes in the lungs, strictly for ventilation

respiratory zone

solely within lungs (alveoli), for gas exchange

gas transport

carbon dioxide and O2 travel in the blood to and from the cells

function of respiratory system

reg blood pH, chemical mediators (angiotensin CE), Voice, olfaction, protection

nose

external nose and nasal cavity

external nose

visible structure (mostly hyaline exc bridge)

nasal cavity

open chamber inside the nose

nares/nostrils

anterior external openings

choanae

posterior openings into the pharynx

hard palate

separates oral cavity from nasal cavity

nasal septum

divides nasal cavity to left and right

deviated nasal septum; septum bulges to one side (ex. snoring)

conchae

3 lateral bony ridge “wind turbines”

paranasal sinuses

make the skull lighter

nasolacrimal duct

tear drainage

sinusitis

inflammation of the mucous membrane

function of nasal cavity

passageway of air, clean air, warm air, olfactory, voice sound

3 regions of pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx,laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

superior to soft palate, posterior to nasal cavity

soft palate

incomplete partition, separate naso from oropharynx

uvula

extension of soft palate

pharyngeal tonsil (denoids)

defend from infection

oropharynx

middle, posterior to mouth, food and air, 2 tonsils

laryngopharynx

larynx to esophagus, mostly food

thyroid cartilage

largest cartiage, adams apple

cricoid cartilage

base of larynx

epiglottis

movable, attached to thyroid, divert food away from trachea

arytenoid cartilage

pair, posterior of cricoid

corniculate cartilage

pair, attached to superior tip of arytenoid

cuneiform cartilage

pair, mucous membrane anterior to corniculate

larynx

voice box, anterior of laryngopharynx, outercasing of 9 cartilages

LARYNGITIS

inflamed vocal folds

vestibular folds

false vocal cords

vocal folds

true vocal cords

larynx function

open passageway, prevents smallowed materials into lower rep tract, sound for speech, protects lower rep tract

trachea

allows air to flow into the lungs

it is a membranous tube with dense connective tissue and smooth muscle

trachea

tracheal rings

15 to 20 c

size of trachea

diameter of 12mm and length of 10

contracting trachea

forceful air and expel mucus and foreign objects (coughing)

heimlich maneuver

nabubulunan

intubation

tube passed through mouth or nose

tracheostomy

opening in the trachea

mucus in trachea

from the membrane’s goblet cells

bronchi

trachea divides to main bronchi which extends to lungs

carina

ridge where trachea divides (sensitive to foreign)

trachebronchial tree

trachea and air tubes in the lungs (16 branchings)

right main bronchus

larger in diameter, more in line with trachea

order of branching in trachea

main, lobar bronchi, segmental, bronchioles, terminal, respiratory, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

bronchodilation

bronchiole diameter enlarges

bronchoconstriction

bronchiole diameter smaller (asthma attack)

alveoli

site of external respiration, small air filled chambers

of alveoli

300M

size of alveoli

250 um

cell in alveolar wall

squamous epithelium 90% and surfactant secreting cells

alveolar structure

elastic fibers, not ciliated but macrophages

respiratory membrane

alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries

respiratory membrane components

alveolar cell layer, interstitial space between alveoli and capillary, capillary encothelial layer

layers of alveoli

alveoli fluid, alveolar epithelium, basement membrane of alveolar epi, interstitial space, basement membrane of capillary endo, capillary endo

lungs

primary organs of respiration, largest organ, 2.5m above clavicle is the apex

hilum

indentation on the medial surface, where bronchis exit

root of the lung

all structures passing through the hilum

right lung

620g, 3 lobes

left lung

560g, 2 lobes, cardiac notch

fissures

deep prominent that divides the lobe

bronchopulmonary segments

segmental bornchi , 9 left, 10 right, can be surgically separated

blood flow routes

1 blood to alveoli, 2 blood flow to the tissues of the bronchial tree

lungs lymphatic supply

1 superficial lymphatic vessel (visceral) , 2 deep lymphatic vessel (bronchi)

high volume in lungs

low pressure in lungs

spirometry

process of measuring air volumes in resp system

spirometer

device used to measure these pulmonary volumes

tidal volume

normal volume of air (quiet breathing); 500mL

expiratory reserve volume

forcefully expired after normal resp (1100mL)

residual volume

air remaining after forceful expiration (1200mL)

inspiratory reserve volume

inspired forcefully after normal resp (3000mL)

inspiratory capacity

tidal+Ins res volume, max (3500mL)

vital capacity

max a person can expel after max inspiration, tidal+Ins res vol+exp res vol (4600ml)

functional residual capacity

exp res vol + residual volume; amount of air in lungs after normal expiration (2300)

total lung capacity

sum of insp res+ exp res+tidal+residual (5800)

alveolar ventilation

air available for gas exchange per minute

lung recoil

tendency for the lungs to decrease in size after they are stretched

pneumothorax

“separation of the visceral and parietal pleurae increases pleural pressure

how O2 binds in hemoglobin

binds to 1 iron based heme group

how much o2 in 1 hemoglobin

4 o2

how is carbon dioxide stored

through bicarbonate ion

“CO2 and H2O from H2CO3”

carbonic anhydrase

controls respiratory rate, basic rhythm

medulla oblongata