BIO10004 week 2.1 Chemical Level

Flashcards for Martini Chapter 2

Chemistry

Science that deals with the structure of matter

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Protons

Positive charge, 1 mass unit

Neutrons

Neutral, 1 mass unit

Electrons

Negative charge, low mass

Electrons and energy levels

Electrons in the electron cloud determine the reactivity of an atom

Valence Shell

Outermost shell that determines bonding

Molecule

Two or more atoms joined by strong bonds

Compound

Two or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds

Chemical bonds

Sharing, gaining, and losing electrons

Ion

Atom with an electric charge

Electron donor

Loses one or more electrons and becomes a cation

Electron acceptor

Gains those same electrons and becomes an anion

Ionic bonds

Attractions between cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions)

Covalent bonds

Strong bonds involving shared electrons

Hydrogen bonds

Weak polar bonds between adjacent molecules based on electrical attractions

Reactants

Materials going into a reaction

Products

Materials coming out of a reaction

Metabolism

All of the reactions that are occurring at one time

Decomposition reaction (catabolism)

Breaks chemical bonds

Synthesis reaction (anabolism)

Forms chemical bonds

Nutrients

Essential molecules obtained from food

Metabolites

Molecules made or broken down in the body

Inorganic compounds

Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and inorganic acids, bases, and salts

Organic compounds

Molecules containing carbon and hydrogen; Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Solutions

Uniform mixtures of two or more substances

Solvent

Liquid in a solution

Solutes

Dissolved substances

High heat capacity

Heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance 1°C

Hydrophilic

Includes ions and polar molecules; Interact with water

Hydrophobic

Includes nonpolar molecules, fats, and oils; Do not interact with water

pH

Negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution in moles per liter

Neutral pH

Balance of H+ and OH–; Pure water = 7.0

Acidic pH (lower than 7.0)

High H+ concentration; Low OH– concentration

Basic (or alkaline) pH (higher than 7.0)

Low H+ concentration; High OH– concentration

Phosphorylation

Process of adding a phosphate group to another molecule; Produces a high-energy bond

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

Nucleotide that contains one phosphate group

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Contains two phosphate groups

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

High-energy compound containing three phosphate groups

Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to ADP