IS 130 Exam #1

1. Why should you study Information Systems?

-Offers career opportunities

-Manages Info resources

What do we mean by the "informed you?"

1. Understand, what is "behind" IT applications

2. Provide valuable input

3. Recommend/help select applications

4. Aware of new technology

5. Understand how IT improves performance and is beneficial

What careers are available in Information Systems?

1. Programers

2. Chief Info. Officers

3. Based on Location

Difference between IT and Information Systems?

1. IT is the computer-based tool that people use to work with info. and to support the info

2. IS collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates info.

Why is it difficult to manage information resources?

1. IS is very expensive to acquire, operate , maintain

2. Evolution of the MIS function

What's data, information, knowledge, computer-based information system?

Raw #'s or anything that doesn't have a meaning

What is information?

Data that has been processed and organized

What is knowledge?

Is the info that has been processed and has an understanding

What is a computer-based information system?

Use computer technology to perform some or all of its intended tasks

What are the information technology components?

1. Hardware

2. Software

3. Database

4. Network

5. Procedures

6. People

Hardware

Devices such as keyboard, etc.

Software

Is a program or collection of programs that enable the hardware to process data.

Database

a collection of related files or tables containing data

Network

is a connecting system that permits different computers to share resources

Procedures

are the instructions for combining the above components to process information and generate the desired output.

People

Use the hardware and software

What are the types of computer-based information systems?

1. Transaction Processing System (TPS)

2. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

3. Inter-organizational information systems (IOSe)

4. Business Intelligence Systems (BI)

5. Functional Area Info. Systems

6. Expert Systems

7. Dashboards

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

support the "real time" monitoring, collection, storage, and processing of data from the organizations day to day operations

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP

provide communication among functions

Inter-organizational information systems (IOSe)

1. Supply Chain Management

2. Electronic Commerce

Business Intelligence Systems (BI)

for complex, non routine decisions, primarily for middle managers and knowledge works

Functional Area Info. Systems

summarize data and prepare reports primarily for middle managers, but sometimes for lower-level managers

Expert Systems (ES)

attempt to duplicate the work of human experts by applying reasoning capabilities, knowledge, and expertise within a specific domain

Dashboards (digital dashboards)

support all managers by providing rapid access to timely info./direct access

What industries get impacted by IT?

1. Book

2. Music

3. Video

How does IT impact organizations?

1. Reduces the # of middle managers

2. Changes managers jobs to be more productive

3. Eliminates Jobs

4. Impacts employees at work

5. Affects our quality of life

6. Impacts healthcare

What's information systems?

1. Operational Systems

2. Transactional Processing Systems

3. Coordinating the Transactions

4. E commerce

5. Database Management Systems

6. Decision Making and Business Intelligence

7. Collaboration and Knowledge Management

What's a business process?

an ongoing collection of related activities that create a product service of value to the organization, its business parts, and or its customers

What are the 3 elements of the business process

1. Inputs

2. Resources

3. Outputs

Describe cross-functional processes

multiple functional areas collaborate to perform the process

-Procurement: acquiring need material externally from vendors

-Fulfillment: processing customer orders

How does IS and business processes work together?

1. By executing the process

2. By capturing and storing process data

3. By monitoring process performance

How does IS play a role in executing the process, capturing and storing process data, monitoring process performance?

1. informs people when it is time to complete a task, provide data, provide the means to complete the task

2. captors and stores data through barcodes

3. checks time and whether its recieved

Business Process Reengineering

a radical redesign of a business process that improves its efficiency and effectiveness, often by beginning with a "clean sheet"

Business Process Improvement

focuses on reducing variation in the process outputs by searching for root causes of the variation in the process itself or among the process inputs

Business process management

a management system that includes methods and tools to support the process throughout the organization

What are business pressures

1. Business Environment

2. Market Pressure

Business Environment

the combination of social, legal, economic, physical, and political factors in which businesses conduct their operations

Market Pressures

generated by the global economy, intense competition, the changing nature of the workforce, and powerful customers

What are the market pressures?

1. Globalizations

2. Changing nature of the workforce

3. Powerful customers

Globalization

the integration and interdependence of economic, social, cultural, and ecological facets of life, enabled by rapid advances in information technology

Changing nature of the workforce

diversity and woman

Powerful Customers

more educated customers, online customer reviews, price comparison

Technology Pressures

1. Technological Innovation and Obsolescence

2. Information Overload

Technological Innovation/Obsolescence

rapid development of both new and substitute products and services

Societal/Political/Legal Pressures

-Social Responsibility

-Compliance with Government Regulations

-Protection against Terrorist Attacks

-Ethical Issues

Strategic Systems,

enable a company to increase market share/profits to better negotiate with suppliers/prevent competitors from entering market

Customer focus

provide superb customer service

Make-to-order

producing customized products

Mass customizations

producing large quantities and customizes them to individuals

What's Competitive Advantage?

using competitive strategy

Competitive Strategy

identities a business approach to complete; its goals, plans, and policies required to attain those goals

Strategic Information Systems

helps an organization either achieve a competitive advantage or reduce a competitive disadvantage

Porter's Competitive Forces Model

1. Threat of entry of new competitors

2. Bargaining Power suppliers

3. Bargaining Power of customers/buyers

4. Threat of substitute products/services

5. Rivalry among existing firms within the industry

Porter's Value Chain Model

1. Primary Actives

-Inbound Logistics (inputs)

-Operations (manufacturing and testing)

-Outbound logistics (storage/distribution)

-Marketing/Sales

-Services

2. Support Activities

-HR

-Legal

What are primary activities?

-Inbound Logistics (inputs)

-Operations (manufacturing and testing)

-Outbound logistics (storage/distribution)

-Marketing/Sales

-Services

What are support activities?

HR/Legal

Strategies for Competitive Advantage

Cost leadership, differentiation, innovation, operational effectiveness, customer orientation

What's business-information Technology Alignment?

tight integration of the IT function with the organization's strategy, mission, and goals

What's Ethics?

The principles of right and wrong that individuals use to make choices that guide their behavior

Utilitarian Approach

State that an ethical action is the one that provides the most good or does the least harm.

Rights Approach

maintains that an ethical action is the one that best protects and respects the moral rights of the affected parties

Fairness Approach

ethical actions treat all human beings equally, or, if unequally, then fairly, based on some defensible standard

Common Good Approach

respect and compassion for all others is the basis for ethical actions

Describe Ethics in the corporate environment

1. Code of Ethics

2. Fundamental Tenets of Ethics

Code of Ethics

a collection of principles intended to guide decision making by members of an organization

Fundamental Tenets of Ethics

1. Responsibility

2. Accountability

3. Liability

What is responsibility?

accept consequences of your decisions and actions

What is accountability?

determining who is responsible for actions that were taken

What is liability?

a legal concept that gives individuals the right to recover the damages done to them.

What role does ethics play in information technology?

1. Privacy Issues

2. Accuracy Issues

3. Property Issues

4. Accessibility Issues

Privacy Issues

collection, storing, and disseminating info. about individuals

Accuracy Issues

the authenticity, fidelity, and correctness of collected, processed info.

Property Issues

the ownership and value of information (property rights)

Accessibility Issues

Who should have the info.

Privacy

the right to be left alone and to be free of unreasonable personal intrusion

Information Privacy

the right to determine when, and to what extent, information about you can be gathered and/or communicated to others

Digital dossier

an electronic profile of you and your habits

Profiling

the process of forming a digital dossier

What's Electronic Surveillance?

Using technology to monitor individuals as they go about their daily routines

-Digital sensors

What are the concerns of our personal information in databases, on bulletin boards, social networking sites, etc.?

1. Do you know where the record are?

2. Are the records accurate?

3. Can you change inaccurate data?

4. How long will it take to make a change?

5. under what circumstances will the personal data be released

6. How are the data used?

7. To whom are the data given or sold?

8. How secure are the data against by unauthorized people?

Privacy Codes and Policies

an organization's guidelines for protecting the privacy of its customers, clients, and employees.

Opt-out model

allows company to collect personal information until the customer specifically requests otherwise.

Opt-in model

prohibits an organization from collecting any personal info. unless the customer specifically authorize it

Transborder data flow

flow of data among countries

Safe Harbor

Framework developed by the US to regulate the way the US companies export/handle personal data

Security

the degree of protection against criminal activity, danger, damage, or loss.

Information Security

all the processes and policies designed to protect an organization's info and IS from unauthorized access

Threat

any danger to which a system may be exposed

Exposure

the harm, loss, or damage that can result if a threat compromises an information resource

Vulnerability

the possibility that the system will be harmed by a threat

What are the five factors that contribute to the increasing vulnerability of organizational information resources making it difficult to secure.

1. Today's interconnected, interdependent, wirelessly environment

2. Smaller, faster, cheaper computers and storage devices

3. Decreasing skills necessary to be a computer hacker

4. International organized crime taking over cyber crime

5. Lack of management support

What are some unintentional threats to information systems?

1. Human Errors

2. Human Resources

3. Information Systems

Human Errors....

Higher level employees + greater access privileges = greater threat

Human Resources

Sensitive Data

Info systems

More access than HR

What are some human errors?

Lack of training, poor training, and lack of awareness

Define social engineering

an attack in which the perpetrator uses social skills to trick or manipulate legitimate employees into providing confidential company info.

What are some deliberate threats to information systems?

1. Espionage or Trespass

2. Info. Extortion

3. Sabotage or Vandalism

4. Theft of Equipment

5. Identity Theft

Be familiar with compromise to intellectual property

the property created by individuals or corporations that is protected under trade secret, patent, and copyright laws.

-Patent

-Copyright

-Trademarks

Viruses, worms phishing attacks, spear phishing attacks and dos are....

Software Attacks