CJ & Humanities Midterm

what are the humanities

study of society

we get a false sense of certainty from...

statistics

empirical measures

theories

borders/boundaries

Social science is limiting (types of social science)

criminology - deviance as people

sociology - society as people

psychology - the brain as people

economics - money as people

political science - state as people

dominant themes in early modern folktales

malnutrition an wishing for food

parental neglect

endless labour from everyone in family

casual violence and murder

mental training

focusing us to articulate what we think is good and true and why the humanities train our mental capabilities: our ability to interpret and to explain.

project of the european enlightenment

1600-1800

was to move human knowledge away from religion and superstition and toward scientifically provable truths

belief that everything is learnable

positivism (auguste Comte)

The scientific method is the only way to gauge real truths, and anything not empirically testable via the scientific method cant be called real or true

scientism (auguste comte)

unreasonable and irrational faith in the power of science and the scientific method

The most famous culturally constructed nation of science

race

social constructionism

all theories of criminology emerge out of particular times places and eras

Joanns Blumenbachs 5 races (1779)

white, North African, Arab

East and South Asian

Sub - Saharan African

North and South American

Southeast Asia

obsolete notions in medicine

medical understanding of steps in mental development (1915)

hysteria: emotional excess (aimed at women)

Neurasthenia: fatigue, anxiety and headache

Drapetomania: a condition leading to slave escapes

Moral Insanity: abnormal emotions in the absence of cognitive impairments

The born criminal

emerged out of late 19th and early 20th century

control delinquents

not beyond talking about peoples brains as a reason for crime

Eugenics

late 19th to early 20th century, see rise in extreme categorization of disability and belief in the need for eugenics:

by mid-20th century, prisons became central hubs for pro-normative medical experiments

LSD experiments on Kingston Penitentiary 1955-1975

1967 - movie Titicut Follies records inmates describing their feelings of torture in the name of rehab

The government of Massachusetts barred the film from distribution for 20 years.

definition of eugenics

scientific racism based in the belief that selective breeding and forced sterilization would create better genetic quality within the human population

VIDEO: CALLING BULLSHIT

crisis of reproducibility in a variety of scientific fields

The study tried to replicate 100 of the top studies, but could only reproduce 39

unspoken rule that at least 50% of the studies published cant be replicated

social sciences are....

big claims

small samples

driven by theory

most importantly social sciences engages in statistical analyses and empirical testing of things that are wholly interpretive

examples of social sciences are

hare psychopathy checklist

criminology journal article: reactive guardianship

criminal investigative failures for wrongful convictions

cultural criminology

emphasize the centrality of meaning and representation in the construction of crime as a momentary event.

Norbert Elias 1939

The civilizing process: the subtle changes in manners within the European upper class since the Middle Ages, showing how the emergence of etiquette reflected profound transformations of power relations in society

pierre bourdieu 1979

social critique of the judgement of taste.

taste and disposition are defined by the powerful, and power comes from the economic cultural and social capital

habitus

evolving process through which individuals act, think, perceive and approach the world and their role in it. internal archive of personal experiences

examples of habitus

low money high culture

high money low culture

high money high culture

low money low culture

pieter spierenburg 1984

the spectacle of suffering

shift away from personal vengeance

became states job to punish offender not the families

urbanization

first allowed the state to use public punishment as a deterrent, but the revulsion of the public actually caused the privatization of punishment

Michel Foucault 1975

Discipline and Punish

move from public torture to scientific individual punishment

create institutions to that teach people discipline

VIDEO CULTURAL CAPITAL LOVE OF ART AND HIP HOP

culture picked us

How phenomena connect us to the world

Social position determines our habitus

museum vistors behaviour directly and exclusively related to education

Erving Goffman 1959

understand society through dramaturgy and social interactions

defined by roles, scripts, costumes and stages

front and back stage and in and out of character

Howard Becker 1963 "outsiders"

interested in labelling and roles spent time w jazz users and drug users

social groups create deviance

one is not deviant but must learn how to be

Karl Erikson 1966

considered the nature of deviance as a natural phenomenon in social life

used the 17th century to study deviance

looked at salem residents in the witch trials

Stanley Cohen 1972

In the early 1960s 2 youth subcultures got into brawls in southern england leading to moral panic

The media made it seem like unique brawls, but they were just bar brawls

defined 2 sides as folk devils and moral entrepreneurs

axiosm

proposition that commends itself a general acceptance a well established or universally conceded principle; a law

leigh goodmark

wrote on decriminalizing domestic violence

epistemology: how do we know what we think we know?

translated to knowledge or understanding

Ludwig Wittgenstein 1889-1951

tractatus logico philosphicus (1922)

VIDEO PHILOSOPHY LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN

How do human beings able to communicate ideas to one another?

paint pictures in our heads

use words to state facts

John Searle (1932-2025)

minds brains and programs 1980

VIDEO JOHN SEARLE CHINESE ROOM ARGUEMENT

computer doesn't actually understand the story but rather compares information from it system to see if it fits different scripts

deontology

normative theory which choices ae morally required, forbidden or permitted within the domain of moral theories that guide and assess our choices of what we ought to do, in contrast to those that guide and assess what kind of person we are and should be

Consequentialism

view that normalize properties depend only on consequences

John Rawls (1921-2002)

Theory of justice 1971

no one knows his place in society, his class or social status

morality

refers to a code of conduct that would be endorsed by anyone who meets certain intellectual and volitional conditions

peter singer (1946)

famine affluence and Morality (1972)

no difference whether a person is right in front of me or 1000 miles away, they should both be pressing that we help them both out.

archives

many governments attempt to shut down or end funding for archives

they are political

key to preserving national religious and ethnic identities

countries have no history w/o archives

book burnings

common with fascist, totalitarian, and religious nationalist movements

berlin institute of sexology

Ahmed Baba Institute in Timbuktu

central university library of bucharest

1979-present ugandan archives following the death of ldi

2013 - harper gov destroys swath

2003 - looting of iraq museum

herodotus (the histories 430 BCE)

just telling stories

Bede (Ecclesiastical history of the english people 731 CE)

church history + anglo saxon political

Thomas Carlyle ( the french revolution a history 1837CE)

great men

Leopold Von Ranke (history of the latin teutonic people from 1494 to 1514 (1824)

wide arrays of sources and the creation of narrative

henry hallam

view of state of europe (1818 CE)

invention of the middle ages

Jules Michelet

histoire de france and jacob burkhardt the civilization of the renaissance in italy 1860CE

Karl Marx, DAs Kapital 1867 - 1883

materialist history

emile durkheim

the division of labour in society 1893

functionalist history

max weber the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism 1905

social action history

society created by clashes in social life

whig history

history goes from bad to good

marxist history

society is about competing power dynamics

new social history

bottoms up approach history is the story of normal people

focus on needs neglected from history

ex) race gender immigration the poor

VIDEO THE POLITICS OF HISTORICAL REVISIONISM

history requires narrative that gives facts meaning

facts mean different things on who you ask

narrative is based on series of assumptions that may or may not be correct

time proceeds at 3 different levels

macro - centuries (longue Duree)

meso - years (most common) The conjecture

micro - days (microstoria) human level

fiction poetry and theatre had benefits for people who...

incarcerated

people reentering society

criminological theory

criminological practice

Peter Weiss 1963

Persecution and assassination of Jean Paul as performed by inmates of the asylum

play within a play

constructive memory

memories are not a photocopy of what actually happened

The brain rebuilds past experience rather than retrieving copies

false memory

confident in a memory that is totally false

misinfomation effect

when we learn info after the event likley to effect what we actually remember about the event

shadd Maruna

reforming convict lives via literature

maruna "redemption script"

combo of gladue report, auto ethnography and trauma journalling

self image in criminology

people fashion their identities and shape their beleifs about the world based on fictional people or events

practical benefits of understanding fiction

understand tropes and archetypes that form identities

discover new ways to imagine peoples world

develop new approaches to understand violence deviance and morality

ex) sagarin - in search of criminology through fiction

quinney - myth and the art of criminology

cross cultural stories

acquistion of fire

great flood

evil stepmother 'beast captures beauty

stealing monsters treasure

cross cultural images

Ouroboros

vegina dentata

mud man

dragons

zombies

human culture

including criminal ad deviant culture is shaped by the storytelling that runs throughout society

fiction

critical to understand the mental world of others and it defines what is normal and abnormal

semiotics

study of signs and there meanings

keith hayward

makes case for visual criminology

visual criminology

visual art was once a critical element to criminological science

cesare Lombroso ( looked at skull shapes faces and features)

French Anthro Alphonse Betillon coined the bertillon system was a technique to describe people using photos and measurements of there features)

major turning point for deliquents came with the release of

Fredric Werthams seduction of innocent 1954

Jeff Ferrells

crime of style

michelle brown

visual criminology and carceral studies

ocularcentralism

view that the world is saturated by visual experienes and the privileging of vision in western philosophy and social theory

acoustemologies

sound produces knowledge

bill mcclanahan

concerened with smell taste and sound with visual. sense intersect with crime and harm

Kate Herrity

prison soundscape is characterized by bangs clangs and jangles

aural ethnography

ethnography that privledges aural experiences

Katie Hemsworth

feeling the range: understand penal space by identifying atmosphere haptic and emotive sounds

Tom rice

prisoners ae captive audience to sonic enviroment in which they are held

suject to variety of sound

not entirely deprived

play role in shaping sonic space

Boethius

french illustration in prison 1460 and gives indication of the complex way images conveyed messages (women with wheel)

values of looking at art

michelangelo -cheating at cards

death of abel - jealousy and murder

francisco goya - radical in spain

felix valloton - people getting run over

john lomax

family recorded music unpaid and attributed to folk culture

lead belly at anglo penitentiary

1933

huddie sentenced for stabbing man 1930

released 1935 became famous performer

scottsboro boys 1938

journalism and documentaries are bound by different relationships to..

immediacy

artistry

interdisciplinary