Lsmu entrance exam

Cellular components found both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells include:

Organelles, but no Nucleus

Lysosome

Responsible for break down worn-out cells

Granum

Stack of thylakoids

Glomerulus

Filters the blood (inside the nephron)

Bactriopahges

Viruses that attack bacteria

Amylase

Enzyme that break up starches and other CarbonHydrates

Lipases

Enzyme that break up fats (fatty acid, glycerol, other alcohols)

Proteases

Enzyme that break up proteins and peptides

Ichthyology

Study of fishes

Sexual reproduction

Mixing of genetic materials from different sources

Mammals - יונקים

Viviparous - producing living young from within the body

Ornithology

Study of birds

Zoology

Science about animals

ADP

They act to "capture" energy from the oxidation of fuels, to be used in other cell processes

Osmosis

Diffusion of WATER from LOW to HIGHER concentration

Hormone - Thyroxine (T3&T4)

Stimulate (increase) metabolic rate

Central Nervous System

Contains the brain and spinal cord

Hormone - Insulin

Helps cels to absorb sugar in the blood

Desmosome (Cell Junction)

Tight bond connection between two ADJACENT CELLS.

Found mostly in the skin.

Made of intermediate filaments (collagen).

Doesn't affect passage of materials between the cells.

Tight junction

Bond between MEMBRANES of two ADJACENT CELLS.

Made of occludine protein.

Found mostly in the digestive system and connective tissue.

They SEAL OFF body cavities and act as a BARRIER between cells.

Gap junction

Connection between the CYTOPLASM of ADJACENT CELLS through protein channels.

Made of connexin protein.

Found in the heart.

Allow passage of ions and small molecules between cells

Eukaryote

Contains NUCLEUS and other organelles.

Usually dependent on other cells.

Prokaryote

Doesn't contain NUCLEUS, but contain ribosome and cytoplasm

Nucleus

DNA & RNA synthesis

Nucleolus

Synthesis of RNA + Ribosome synthesis & assembly

Ribosome

Protein synthesis.

Some floating in the cytoplasm and some attached to the top of the RER.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Complex of membranes that surround the nucleus, the internal place call the ER LUMEN.

2 types - RER: contain ribosomes, involved in PROTEIN SYNTHESIS & ASSEMBLY, MEMBRANE FACTORY FOR THE CELL.

SMR: doesn't contain ribosome, functions are LIPID SYNTHESIS, DETOXIFICATION, Ca2+ STORAGE

Golgi apparatus

Modifies , packages and sort proteins .

Lydosome

Digestive system of the cell (by high ph ~5 and enzymes).

Mitochondria

Functions:

Energy production via Aerobic respiration.

Induction of Apoptosis (מוות מתכונן של התא)

Composed of:

outer PERMEABLE membrane

inner SELECTIVE membrane

intermembrane space and inside of it- matrix (contains DNA&ribosomes)

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein fibers, that DETERMINE the shape , mechanical strength and the ability to move

Of the cell

Microtubules

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

Function:

Intracellular transpiration, formation of mitotic spindle.

Microfilaments

Interwind chain of actin protein, found in the inner aspect of the cell membrane.

Functions:

Determine cell shape, involved in muscle contraction, divides the cell cytoplasm during mitosis, important for cell movement.

intermediate filaments

Flexible fibers, made mainly from collagen.

Provide structural rigidity & stability for the cell, helps in intracellular communication.

Vacuole חלולית

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates, have also secretory & excretory functions.

extracellular matrix

Complex of protein&carbohydrates surrounding the cell in the extracellular space.

Function:

Regulation process in the cell

Intracellular communication

Connection of cell groups (mainly connection tissues)

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis

Thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell and protect it, giving the cell its shape.

Prevent over-expansion when water enters the cell.

Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell

Animal cells don't have a cell wall, vacuole, and chloroplasts

integral proteins

Bonded to the entire membrane

Can act as receptors

peripheral proteins

Temporarily adhere to the membrane, can be easily removed.

Function - receptors, enzymes, cell recognition.

body planes

imaginary lines drawn through the body at various parts to separate the body into sections

Radiel - many symmetry axes / Bi-lateral- one symmetry axes

Mid-sagital

Right & Left sides

Frontal

Back - dorsal, front - ventral

Transerve

Front and Hind legs

Dorsal cavity

Spinal and carnial

Ventral cavity

thoracic cavity

epithelial tissue

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out.

Major function - protection, secretion, absorption and filtration

There are - simple & stratified epithelium

And squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudo, transitional cells

simple epithelium

Made of single layer of cells with small nucleus

stratified epithelium

Made of multiple layer of cell

Squamous

Composed of flat cells, providing passage for small molecules

Can be found in the respiration system

stratified squamous

Protect against abrasion

Found in the mouth, esophagus and vagina

Cuboidal

cube shaped cells with nucleus in the middle, found in the kidney tubules and in glands.

Secretes and absorbs

Columnar cels

Rectangle shaped cells, nucleus in the base.

Can be found in the GI and respiratory tract.

Absorbs and secrete enzymes, and mucous

stratified cuboidal

Few layers of cubic shaped cells

Found in the pancreatic ducts

Protective tissue

Stratified colimnar

Few layer of rectangle shaped cells

Fount in the GI tract, pharynx, eye, uterus.

Secretes and Protects.

pseudo stratified columnar

Appears like a number of cells, but all cells reach reach the basement membrane

Uneven single layer

In the upper respiratory tract

Secretes mucus.

transitional epithelium

Consist multiple layers of epithelial cells which can CONTRACT and EXPAND.

Found in the urinary system.

Connective tissue

Support, protection, provides framework, and stability to body and organs.

loose connective tissue

Composed of LOOSE COLLAGEN and ELASTIN fibers

Found in the skin&surrounding blood vessels, organs, nerves.

dense connective tissue

Composed of Dense collagen fibers

Found in force ligaments and tendon.

reticular connective tissue

network of reticular fibers (type of collagen) that form soft skeleton that support organs and cells

elastic connective tissue

Composed of elastin fibers,

found in blood vessels

Allow tissues to resume their shape after stretching or contracting

adipose connective tissue

Composed of adipocytes

Specialized to store fat->

Pads and Protect certain organs

Bone

Composed of osteons

Forms the endoskeleton - movement,support,protection

Cartilage

Non regenerating tissue, doesn't contain blood vessels

Function to supply smooth surface for joints movement and to provide strength and flexibility

Skeletal tissue

Voluntary, striated muscle

Attached to bones

Allow the nicest of the whole body or some body parts

Strong muscle for short operations

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart

Strong muscle for Long operations

Smooth muscle

Involuntary, non striated muscle that controls movement of internal organs

Weak muscle for long operations

NH4+

Ammonium

NO2-

Nitrite

NO3-

Nitrate

SO3 2-

Sulfite

SO4 2-

Sulfate

HSO4-

Bisulfate

OH-

Hydroxide

PO4 3-

Phosphate

HPO4 2-

hydrogen phosphate

H2PO4-

dihydrogen phosphate

CO3 2-

Carbonate

HCO3-

Bicarbonate

ClO4-

Perchlorate

ClO3-

Chlorate

ClO2-

Chlorite

ClO-

Hypochlorite

from solid to liquid

melting

from solid to gas

sublimation

from liquid to solid

freezing

from liquid to gas

evaporation

from gas to liquid

condensation

from gas to solid

deposition

the nucleus contain ?

protons (+1) and neutrons (-1)

number of protons determine the number of electrons

mass number (atomic mass)

protons + neutrons

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons (same protons)

principal (n) מספר קוונטים ראשי

represents the distance of electron from its nucleus.

values 1-7

Azimation (L) - צורת האורביטל

Number of subshells & their shape

Values - L=n-1

Orbital shapes

s, p, d, f