PY 232 Exam 4

how does the balance of estradiol and testosterone change for males at puberty

androgens- testosterone 20 times higher in males

how does the balance of estradiol and testosterone change for females at puberty

estradiol production 8 times higher in females

give an example of a primary sex characteristic

directly related to reproduction, first menstral period, production of ova

example of secondary sex characteristic

other bodily changes, acne, odor, breast development

what age do males reach spermarche

12-14

does the brain undergo a period of overproduction and then synaptic pruning during adolescence

exuberance of synaptic pruning, concentrated in the frontal lobes

What area of the brain continues to develop during adolescence that wasn’t previously thought to do so?

cerebellum

what are the 2 main reasons for the secular trend in developed countries

improvements in nutrition and medical care

what are some effects of early maturation for girls

highest risk of problems, depressed mood, negative body image, eating disorders, substance abuse

earlier involvement in risky behavior, favorable body images, higher popularity than other boys, achieved greater success in their careers and higher marital satisfaction are effects of early maturation in ()

boys

what culture are puberty rituals most common

traditional

how has globalization affected the use of puberty rituals

traditional puberty rituals no longer seem relevant to the futures young people anticipate

what continent are puberty rituals still prevalent

africa

what are risks of female genital mutilation for girls

great deal of bleeding occurs and the possibility of infection is high

eating disorder characterized by intentional self starvationis ()

anorexia

eating large amounts then vomiting is ()

bulimia

in the 2016 monitoring the future study which substance was most commonly used among adolescents

alcohol

were rates higher for marijuana or cigarettes

marijuana

exaplain what is meant by the self medicate reason for substance use

medicinal substance use to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as safeness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness

what are four reasons for substance use

experimental, social, medicinal, addictive

require reason about complex tasks and problems involving multiple variables is ()

formal operational thought

at what age does formal operational begin

11 and reaches completion somewhere between 15 and 20

what characteristics define formal operational

apply scientific thinking to cognitive tasks

how do adolescents in FOT approach piaget’s pendulum task differently than younger kids

children and adolescents are shown a pendulum and given various weights and various lengths of string to use in their deliberations and asked to figure out what determines how fast the pendulum sways. children change more than ONE varibale

what are two main criticisms of FOT

individual differences in the attainment of formal operations and the cultural basis of adolescent cognitive development, they do not use this in every aspect of their lives like piaget said

adolescents with courses in what two subjects are more likely to use FOT

math and science

think own thoughts are everyone’s thoughts (metacognition)

imaginary audience

strong belief in uniqueness of self and experiences, can lead to anguish and high risk behavior is a ()

personal fable

in the teen brain the () is more developed and () less development

amygdala, frontal cortex

learn skills from a parent of other adult, teach in steps, a lot of help then less adn less help

scaffolding

gender becomes heightened in importance during adolescence, especially traditional cultures is ()

gender intensification hypothesis

has religiosity increased or decreased among adolescents in developed country over the past several decades

decreased, lowest priority

what ethnic group in the US has stronger religiosity

African American

what ar the benefits of religiosity

less substance use, premarital sex, delinquency, volunteer more

what percent believe in god

84%

do most adolescents agree with their parents on many beliefs and values? do most love their parents

agree with parents of beliefs and values and love adn respect them

() and () have the greatest intensity and frequency of conflict

mothers and daughters

what do siblings tend to argue about

tease, possessions, favoritism, responsibility for chores, name calling

is conflict higher or lower among adolescent siblings than when they were younger

lower

which ethnic group in the US tends to date at later ages

asian american

which type of culture is the US

semirestrictive

what is permissive cultures

tolerate and even encourage adolescent sexuality, northern europe

what culture places strong prohobitiions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage

restrictive

what developed country has the highest teen pregnancy rates?

United states

have rates of teen pregnancy in the US declined or increased in the past 2 decades

decreased

in the US what % of adolescents identify as sexual minority

2%

in a study of sexual minorities if parents were rejecting what were the consequences compared to parents who were more accepting

8 times more likely to report having attempted suicide, 6 times more likely to report high levels of depression, 3 times more likely to use illegal drugs

why was the it gets better project started

audits that have come forward to encourage sexual minority adolescents

what is the total media use for the average US adolescent

9 hours

what is the good news regarding the popularity of violent video games compared to sports and music games

becoming less popular

what are the dive characteristics of emerging adulthood

identity explorations, instability, self focus, feeling in between, possibilites/optimism

what age is emerging adulthood

18-25

() is figuring out strengths, beliefs, values, and how they fit into society

identity explorations

change in residence is a example of ()

instability

() is long term commitments in love and work, focus on themselves as they develop knowledge, skils, and self understanding

self focus

() is the feeling of being in a transition period of life

feeling in between

() is when dreams are being tested

possibilities/optimism

() is the new tolerance for sexual relationship

sexual revoluation

what are four physical measures indicate that emerging adulthood is the life stage of peak physical functioning

peak athleticism, VO2, Cardio output, least susceptibility to physical illness

in what ways do lifestyle choices undermine health during emerging adulthood

highest years of incidence of a variety of types of injury, death, disease

what is the pattern of delay sleep syndrome

pattern of sleeping longer on weekends and holidays than on school or work days which leads to poor academic and job performance as well as excessive sleepiness during school and work days

what is morningness

bed early, waking up early

what suggestions does the text give for good sleep hygiene

wake up at the same time each day, regular exercise, take late afternoon naps, limit caffeine, avoid excessive alc

substance abuse () in early 20s

peaks

tieritary education is more common in () countries

developed

emerging adulthood is a key time for identity development. what are 3 elements essential to forming a solid identity

love, love, ideology

what are the four identity statuses in Marcia’s model

identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achievement

what is no exploration no commitment

indentity diffusion w

what is no exploration yes commitment

identity foreclosure

what is yes exploration no commitment

identity moratorium

what is yes exploration yes commitment

identity achievement

what is meant by a bicultural identity such as india

one part of their identity rooted in their local culture, while another part stems from an awareness of their relation to the global culture

what is Jean phinney’s 4 ethnic identity statuses

biculturalism, assimilation, separation, marginalization

what is high w majority high with ethnicity, best of both worlds

biculturalism

what is high with majority, low with ethnic

assimilation

what is low with majority high with ethnic

separation

what is low with majority, low with ethnic

marginalization

mexican and asian americans most commonly are ()

bicultural

separation is most common among ()

african american

() is among native americans

marginality

what are benefits of having a strong ethnic identity

overall well being, academic achievement, lower rates of risk behavior

in a study of over 2500 emerging adults what % of them attended religious services at least once a month?

30%

what % believe in god

75%

is there a decline or increase in religiosity from adolescence to emerging adulthood

decline

in general is political involvement very high or very low among emerging adults

low participation

do parent child relationships tend to improve when emerging adults leave home

yes, more positive interactionsa

about 1/3 of US emerging adults remain at home through their early 20s, which ethnic group is more common, what are 2 reasons for staying

nonwhite ethnic groups in US, finances and family values

()% emerging adults will return home at least once mostly because of financial

40

which gender is more likely to use self disclosure to achieve intimacy

female

() use shared activies to achieve intimacy

men

over the coure of the 20s leisure time ()

decreases

what reasons do emerging adults give for cohabitating

living together outside of marriage, financial reasons

is the divorce rate higher or lower for cohabitation couples in the US, why

higher, depends on the age

emerging adults have () rates for hooking up

higher

rates of STI’s () during emerging adulthood

peak

are the majority of people in young adulthood in the US physically active

lack

what are the benefits of regular exercise in young adulthood that carry into middle adulthood

healthy weight, reduces diabetes, heart disease, releases endorphins

explain erikson’s stage of intimacy vs isolation

intimacy: connectedness, self disclosure, sharing thoughts ideas

what 3 qualities are includued in the triangular theory of love

passion, intimacy, commitment

what combines passion adn intimacy without commitment

romantic