Cell Division Continued

What are the major phases of the cell cycle? Which ones are part of interphase, and which ones are part of cell division?

Cell division—> mitosis + cytokinesis Interphase—> G1, S phase and G2.

What occurs during mitosis/meiosis? How is that distinct from cytokinesis?

Mitosis—> Nucleus/ DNA divides Cytokinesis—>cell body/ cytoplasm divides

What are the three major reasons that organisms perform mitosis? What is the major reason that organisms perform meiosis?

Mitosis—> Grow/ repair/ specialize. Meiosis—> makes sex cells/ gametes.

What occurs during S phase of interphase?

DNA is copied.

When DNA is duplicated, how does the number/shape of chromosomes change? (ignore that DNA is not chromosomes at this point)

I shaped —> X shaped.

What distinguishes cancer cells from healthy body cells?

Cancer cells grow fast out of control.

What are the two identical parts of an X-shaped chromosome called? What connects them to one another?

Sister chromatids. Centromere.

What are the three major indications that a cell is undergoing cell division (which are established during the beginning of cell division, and are reversed at the end of cell division)?

1. Visible, condensed chromosomes. 

     2.  No nucleus.

     3. Spindle.

How do chromosomes line up during the middle of mitosis? How do they separate?

Chromosomes line up down a line during the middle of mitosis. Mitosis separates sister chromatids. 

How does the number of chromosomes an organism’s body cells have relate to the number of chromosomes its sex cells should have? The number of chromosomes its offspring should have (assume sexual reproduction)?

The number of chromosomes its sex cells should have is half. The number of chromosomes its offspring should have is the same.

What genetic information does one parent contribute to its offspring (assume sexual reproduction)?

½ of its genes.

How many daughter cells are produced at the end of mitosis, meiosis(overall) and meiosis I?

Mitosis—> 2

Meiosis(overall) —> 4

Meiosis I—> 2

Daughters cells are ____ in mitosis, meiosis(overall) and Meiosis I

Mitosis—> diploid

Meiosis(overall)—> haploid

Meiosis I—> haploid

Chromosomes in daughter cells are

Mitosis—> I shaped

Meiosis (overall)—> I shaped

Meiosis I—> X shaped

Are homologous pairs or sister chromatids divided?

Mitosis—> sister

Meiosis I—> homologous pairs

Meiosis II—> sister

What happens in interphase?

Mitosis—> DNA gets duplicated.

Meiosis I—> DNA gets duplicated

Meiosis II—> nothing

How do chromosomes line up during metaphase?

Mitosis—> one line

Meiosis I—> 2 lines

Meiosis II—> one line

Are homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids being divided during anaphase?

Mitosis—> sister

Meiosis I—> homologous chromosomes

Meiosis II—> sister

What type of cells are being divided?

Mitosis—> diploid

Meiosis I—> diploid

Meiosis II—> haploid

Do daughter cells have identical genetic material?

Mitosis—> Yes

Meiosis I—> No

Meiosis II—> No

Is interphase I very different from interphase of mitosis?

No, it is nearly identical to interphase of mitosis.

What differs between anaphase I of meiosis and anaphase of mitosis?

Anaphase I of meiosis: homologous pair is split.

Anaphase of mitosis: sister chromatids split

What does meiosis II start with? What is different between what meiosis II starts with and mitosis and meiosis I start with?

Meiosis II starts with 2 haploid cells. Meiosis I/Mitosis start with 1 diploid cell.

How is meiosis II different from mitosis? How is it similar?

It is the same, except it divides 2 haploids cells vs one diploid.

Do the daughter cells produced from mitosis contain identical genetic material? From meiosis?

Yes, from meiosis no.

When do homologous chromosomes separate during mitosis? During meiosis?

Never, during mitosis. Yes, during meiosis I (Anaphase I).

When do sister chromatids separate during mitosis? During meiosis?

During mitosis, anaphase. During meiosis, anaphase II.