Business Data Science Technologies Final (Exam 3)

Batch processing system

business transactions accumulated over period of time & prepared for processing as one unit/batch, delay btw event & processing of transactions

online transaction processing (OLTP)

each transaction processed immediately, often seen as more efficient

enterprise system

central to individuals & org., info can be shared across all business functions/levels of management

enterprise resource planning (ERP)

set of integrated programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire organization

business process

set of coordinated activities that takes 1 or more kinds of input to create an output value to the customer of that process

supply chain management

system includes planning, executing, controlling all activities involved in: sources raw materials, converting raw to finished products, delivering finished product

process for developing production plan

• sales forecasting

• sales and operations plan (S&OP)

• demand management

• detailed scheduling

• materials requirement planning (MRP)

• purchasing

• production

• sales ordering

customer relationship management (CRM)

helps company manage all aspects of customer encounters, to understand/ anticipate needs of customers, used mostly in sales/marketing

key features of CRM system

• contact management

• sales management

• customer support

• marketing automation

• analysis

• social networking

• access by mobile devices

• import contact data

Product lifecycle management (PLM)

creates common repository of product info/processes (Supports collaborative creation/management)

Types of software:

• computer aided design

• computer aided engineering

• computer aided manufacturing

Types of manufacturing

• discrete manufacturing

• process manufacturing

computer-aided design

use of software to assist in creation, analysis, and modification of design of a product/comoponent

computer aided engineering

software use to analyze robustness & performance of components and assemblies

computer aided manufacturing

software use to control tools/machinery in manufacturing of components & products

discrete manufacturing

production of distinct items (ex: cars, airplanes, toys, furniture) that can be decomposed into basic components

process manufacturing

production of products that’s result of chemical process and can’t be easily decomposed into basic components ex) gas, medicines

how to avoid failed implementation

• assign full-time exec. to manage

• appoint experienced/independent resource for project oversight

• allow time for transition

• put enough time & $ for training

• define metrics to assess project progress

• keep project scope defined

• be wary of modifying enterprise system software to conform to business practices

Vision systems

hardware and software allowing computers to capture/store/manipulate visual images & pictures ex) Augmented reality in medical

ai in jobs

introduced to new industries/applications rapidly, growth of AI could create up to 58 mil jobs by 2022

natural language processing

computer understanding, analyzing, manipulating, and generating natural language for processing, widely used in search engines

brain computer interface

tech interacts w human’s brain and translates info (thoughts) into activity (actions), used in medical field and DARPA

industrial robots

designed for speed, accuracy, and safety (size/look dependent on use), ex) Cartesian robot, SCARA robots, articulated robot)

cartesian robot

take up smaller space (footprint), move in straight lines, commonly used for 3D printing

Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm (SCARA)

easier to integrate into complex printing designs, both lateral & rotary movement, faster than cartesians, often used in biomedical field

Articulated robot

made to function like an arm, may have 10 or more rotary joints can move like elbow and twist, often used in industrial manufacturing settings (automotive lines) bc quick & precise

strategic planning

gives framework/direction for decision making, ensures effective use of resources (focus on key priorities), allows organization to be proactive & take advantage of trends, gives measures for judging performance, improves communication

Michael porter’s 5 forces model

most frequently used model for assessing competition

strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (SWOT) matrix

used to analyze org. internal assessment and study of its external environment

technology acceptance model (TAM)

specifies the factors that can lead to better attitudes about the use of new info system & higher acceptance & usage

Diffusion of innovation theory

developed by EM rogers to explain how new idea/product gains acceptance and diffuses through a specific pop. or subset of org.- adoption of innovation is a drawn-out process, some quicker than others

scope

which tasks are included and which aren’t in a project

cost

all capital, expenses, internal cross-charges associated w project’s buildings, operation, maintenance, and support

time

frequently a critical constraint, often projects must be met certain date

quality

degree to which project meets the needs of its users

user expectations

stakeholders will form expectations about how project will be conducted and how it will affect them

schedule management

• develop workable schedule

• ensure timely completion of project

• identify specific tasks

• sequence tasks

• estimate resources needed

• estimate elapsed time to finish each task

• analyze data to create project schedule

  • controlling & managing changes

gantt chart

graphical tool used for planning, monitoring, and coordinating projects, is a grid listing activities and deadlines

work breakdown structure (WBS)

outline of work to be done to complete the project

project resource management

activities designed to identify, acquire, and manage resources for a project

Forming-Storming-Norming-Performing-Adjourning model

Forming-Storming-Norming-Performing-Adjourning model

useful model to describe how teams develop & evolve

Subscribe

+software more cost-effective for small projects & temporary needs, updates completed by vendor, technical support available 24/7

- offered as is, not able to be modified to match needs, recurring licensing costs

buy

+ acquired & deployed relatively quickly, can “test drive” software before buying

- unmodified software may not be good match to org. needs, maintenance & support costs can be excessive

build your own IS

+ better match to org. needs, potential to achieve competitive advantage

- cost to build can be high compared to purchasing off-shelf, can take months to years to deploy

system development

set of activities involved in building info systems to meet users needs, projects can range from small to large and conducted in diverse fields

waterfall system development

sequential/multistage system process, next stage can’t start until results of current stage approved,

1) investigation, 2) analysis, 3) design, 4) construction, 5) integration/testing 6) implementation

system investigation

to gain a clear understanding of specifics of problem to solve or opportunity to address

1) review systems investigation request

2) identify/recruit team leader & members

3) develop budget/schedule for investigation

4) perform investigation (joint application development, functional decomposition)

5) perform preliminary feasibility analysis

6) prepare draft of investigation report

7) review results of investigation with steering team

agile development

develops system in “sprint” increments lasting 2 weeks- 2 months, concentrates on maxing team’s ability to deliver quickly/ respond to emerging requirements, uses scrum

scrum

method to keep agile system development effort focused & moving quickly, the master coordinates all activities

people

the most important element of information systems

employee requirements for success

training & an understanding of need for info system, motivation to use the info system, access to system support ppl as needed

technology infrastructure

hardware, software, databases, networks, facilities, 3rd party services, required to meet customers’/suppliers’/key business partners’/ regulatory agencies/ employees’ needs, forms foundation of every computer-based info system

processes:

structured set of related activities, takes input, adds value, creates output

procedure

steps to follow to achieve a specific end result, how to achieve end result, who does what when, what to do if something goes wrong

structure

defines relationships btwn org members, defines roles/responsibilities/lines of authority, employees must understand/accept their roles/responsibilities, roles/responsibilities often change w introduction of new info system

types of info systems

personal IS, workgroup IS, enterprise IS, interorganizational IS

personal information system

improves productivity of individual users in performing stand-alone tasks

workgroup information system

enables ppl to work together effectively

enterprise information system

facilitates org-wide business needs

interorganizational information system

enables sharing of info across org boundaries

advanced persistent threat

network attack where intruder gets access to network and stays undetected to steal data over long-period of time

blended threat

sophisticated threat combining features of a virus, worm, trojan horse, and other malicious code into single payload

phishing

act of fraudulently using email to get recipient to reveal personal data

rootkit

set of programs allowing user to gain administrator level access to computer w/out end users consent/knowledge, attacker can gain full control of system and hide its presence

smishing

variation of phishing using text

social engineering

use of deception to trick ppl into divulging data needed to gain access to an info system or network

spam

use of email systems to send unsolicited email to large #’s of ppl

trojan horse

seemingly harmless program where malicious code is hidden, victim is usually tricked into opening bc it looks like useful software from a verified source

virus

piece of programming code, usually disguised as something else, causes computer to behave in unexpected and usually undesirable manner

vishing

similar to smishing but victims receive voice mail message telling them to call a # or go to a website

worm

harmful program residing in active memory of computer and duplicates itself, diff from virus bc can recreate w/out human intervention, often sending copies of themselves to other computers through email

CIA security triad

confidentiality, integrity, availability, layered security solution design to make cyberattacks hard

implementing CIA at network level

authentication methods & encryption

authentication methods

3 types: know/ possess/ or are, 2-factor authorization, biometric authentication

biometric authentication

physiological/behavioral measurements used, requires reference model of unique characteristics stored digitally

encryption

scramble messages or data, only authorized parties can read data, requires encryption key to read

encryption key

value applied to plaintext to product cipher text, required to decipher cipher text

advanced encryption standard (AES)

common symmetric algorithm, used by the WPA2 security protocol

server virtualization

logically dividing a single physical server’s resources to create multiple logical servers, virtual machine acts as it’s own dedicated machine, allows running multiple operating systems

hypervisor

virtual server program controlling host processor and resources, allocating necessary resources to each virtual machine, ensuring they don’t disrupt eachother

software as a service (SaaS)

3rd party provider hosts applications, available to subscribers over internet

+ available from any device, SaaS provider handles upgrades/patches, lower cost software licensing, provider manages service levels and availability

DBMS function

interface btwn application program and database, must request database data through this

concurrency control

addresses situation where 2 or more users/applications access the same record at same time

SQL

special-purpose programming language, used for accessing and manipulating relational database data, conform to ACID properties

ACID properties

atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability, guarantees database transactions are processed reliably, ensures integrity of data in the database

big data

enormous (terabytes or more), complex (sensor to social media data), traditional processes incapable of dealing with them, key characteristics:

1) volume

2) velocity

3) value

4) variety

5) veracity

client/server architecture

many clients request/receive services from servers on the network

domain name system (DNS)

maps name ppl use to locate a website to the IP address that a computer uses to locate a website

uniform resource locator (URL)

web address specifying exact location of a web page using letters & words that map to an IP address and a location on the host

Internet of Things

network of physical objects, embedded w sensors, processors, software, and network connectivity capability

sensor

device capable of sensing something about its surroundings ex) pressure, temp, humidity, pH level, motion, vibration, light

business benefits of IoT

reduce costs to achieve a competitive advantage, deepen org. understanding of consumer preferences/behaviors, improve customer service/experience, improve workplace safety

authentication technologies

used by many org to confirm identity of a user requesting access

digital certificate

attachment to an e-mail message or data embedded in a website that verifies the identity of a sender or website

certificate authority (CA)

trusted third-party org. or company that issues digital certificates