Unit 2 APHUG Vocab

These are all of the vocabulary from the AP Human Geography Course for Unit 2: Migration.

Anthropocene

The period in which human activities have had the dominant influence on the environment.

Demography

The statistical study of population and its change.

Population Distribution

The pattern in which humans are spread out on Earth's surface.

Eurasia

A massive piece of land on Earth that consists of Europe, with just under 10 percent of the human population, and Asia, which accounts for almost 60 percent of humanity.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface with permanent human settlement.

Population Clusters

Heavily populated areas that illustrate the unevenness in global population distribution; geographers have identified four population clusters on Earth South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.

Metacity

A city with more than 20 million residents.

Megacity

A city with more than 10 million residents.

Developed (or Industrialized) Countries

A country with an advanced economy and a high standard of living.

Developing (or Industrializing) Countries

Countries that are of relatively low income or economically poorer than developed countries.

Snow Belt

States located in the northern and midwestern parts of the country.

Sunbelt

States in coastal areas and the South and Southwest.

Mean Center of Population

The balancing point given the distribution of population.

Population Density

The average number of people per unit of land area.

Arithmetic (Crude) Density

The average number of people per unit of land area (usually per square mile or kilometer).

Physiological Density

The average number of people per unit area (a square mile or kilometer) of arable land.

Arable Land

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land.

Carrying Capacity

The number of people a particular environment or Earth as a whole can support on a sustainable basis.

Human Well-Being

The state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy.

Population Composition

The makeup of the population by age and sex as well as by ethnic, racial, income, and educational background.

Age Structure

Refers to the breakdown of a population into different age groups or cohorts.

Dependency Ratio

The number of dependents in a population, that each 100 working-age people (ages 15 to 64 years) must support.

Youth Dependency Ratio

The number of young dependents in a population (usually people younger than 15 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support.

Elderly Dependency Ratio

The number of elderly dependents in a population (usually people older than 64 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support.

Generations

Groups of people who were born around the same time and share some common traits due to the cultural and societal influences they shared as they grew up.

Baby Boomers

People born from 1946 to 1964 during the post-World War II uptick in birth rate.

Generation X

People born between 1965 and 1980 and are now in their prime working years.

Generation Y

People who were born between 1981 and 2000; often referred to as millennials.

Generation Z

People born after the turn of the twenty-first century.

Sex Ratio

The ratio of the number of men to the number of women in a population.

Androcentrism

A phenomenon in which a culture demonstrates a marked preference for males.

Infanticide

The practice of killing infants.

Population Pyramid

A very useful graphic device for comparing age and sex structure.

Demographic Equation

The method for calculating total population of a country or place based on natural increase and migration over a period of time (usually a year).

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The average number of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring birth rates.

Low Birth Rate

A crude birth rate between 10 and 20 births per 1000 people.

Transitional Birth Rate

A crude birth rate between 20 and 30 per 1000 people.

High Birth Rate

A crude birth rate of more than 30 per 1000 people.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 49 years of age.

Replacement Level Fertility

The average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time.

Gender Roles

Culturally specific notions of what it means to be a man or woman.

Crude Death Rate (CDR) or Mortality Rate

The number of deaths per year per 1000 deaths.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

A measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births.

Child Mortality

Deaths of children under five years of age.

Rate of Natural Increase

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

When a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, its RNI is zero.

Doubling Time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size.

Rule of 70

A tool for calculating the doubling time of a population by dividing 70 by a country's rate of natural increase (RNI).

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Conceptualizes how crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) as well as the resulting rate of natural increase (RNI) change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization.

Epidemiology

A branch of medicine that studies the distribution, determinants, and control of diseases and other health conditions, such as tobacco use and sedentary lifestyle.

Epidemiological Transition Theory

Seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease.

Degenerative Disease

A disease that causes deterioration over time, such as cancer, heart disease, and stroke.

Malthusian

A term derived from the name Thomas Robert Malthus, an English economist and cleric, to mean either "of or relating to Malthus's theory" or "a follower of Malthus".

Overpopulation

Occurs when the human population exceeds the food supply.

Neo-Malthusians

People who today subscribe to the Malthusian view of population.

Cornucopians or Anti-Malthusians

People who disagree with the Malthusian view of population and resources.

Boserup Effect

Increase in food production resulting from the use of new farming methods.

Antinatalist Polices

Designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates.

Pronatalist Policies

Designed to boost fertility rates and ultimately population growth.

Women’s Status

The degree of equality between men and women with respect to access to and control over both physical and social resources in the family, community, or society at large.

Women’s Empowerment

The increased autonomy of women to make choices and shape their lives.

Aging Population

AMe population of a country or place that ages as the number or proportion of its elderly people increases.

Median Age

The age that divides a population into two halves so that one half is younger than this age and the other half older.

Life Expectancy

The number of years a person can expect to live from birth.

Spatial Mobility

All forms of geographical movement, including people's everyday commuting and travels.

Social (Upward) Mobility

Mobility that implies a change in social hierarchy.

Migration

The long-term or permanent relocation of individuals, families, or entire communities from one place to another.

Migrant or Mover

A person who migrates or moves.

Non-Migrants or Stayers

People who do not move.

Origin

A person's location before migration.

Destination

The place where the migrant is going.

Emigration or Out-Migration

The act of a migrant leaving their place (country) of origin.

Emigrants or Out-MIgrants

People who leave their country of origin.

Immigration or In-Migration

The act of a migrant arriving at their destination country.

Immigrants or In-Migrants

People who arrive at their destination country.

Migration System

People who arrive at their destination country.Count

Counterstream

The flow of all migrants in the direction opposite a particular migration stream, from its destination back to the origin.

Migration Age Population

The relatively stable relationship between the odds of migration and age across different countries.

Brain Drain

A phenomenon where a country or a place loses young, more educated, and skilled people through migration.

Brain Gain

A phenomenon where a country or a place gains young, more educated, and skilled people through migration.

Push-Pull Theory of Migration

Theory asserting that two contrasting sets of factors are at work in migration decisions.

Push Factors

Factors that cause people to be dissatisfied with their present locales and want to move somewhere else.

Pull Factors

The attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants.

Intervening Obstacles

The complications that potential migrants will need to overcome to reach their destination.

Social Networks

People’s friends and relatives.

Intervening Opportunity

A nearby attractive locale where migrants may decide to settle instead of going to the intended destination farther away.

Voluntary Migration

Migration that is done willingly.

International Migration

When moves are made across national borders.Gue

Guest Worker

A person with temporary permission to work in another country.

Transnational Migration

When migrants move back and forth between their home countries and those to which they have migrated.

Internal Migration or Interregional Migration

When people move within the borders of a country.

Great Migration

The twentieth-century movement of 6 million African Americans from the rural southern states to the cities of the midwestern and northeastern states.

Rural-to-Urban Migration

When people move from the countryside to cities.

Residential Mobility

Moves that occur within a metropolitan area.

Step (or Stepwise) Migration

Migration carried out in a series of stages, usually from nearby to bigger and more distant places.

Chain Mirgration

The process by which some people's migration to a new place leads their family members, friends, and others to move to the same place.

Return Migration

Migrants going back, or returning, to their previous place of residence or origin.

Black Belt

Ethnic homeland in the U.S. South.

Seasonal Migration

Migration based on the time of year.