Chapter 7 Lecture Outline Anatomy & Physiology

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terminology from Chapter 7 of the Anatomy & Physiology lecture notes.

Skeletal System

The rigid framework of the body consisting of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissues.

Compact Bone

Dense or cortical bone, making up 80% of the bone mass, characterized by its dense structure.

Spongy Bone

Cancellous or trabecular bone, found internal to compact bone, appearing porous and contributing to 20% of bone mass.

Cartilage

Semirigid connective tissue that is more flexible than bone, contributing to the structure of various body parts.

Hyaline Cartilage

A type of cartilage that attaches ribs to the sternum and covers the ends of some bones.

Fibrocartilage

Weight-bearing cartilage capable of withstanding compression found in intervertebral discs and the menisci of the knee.

Ligaments

Structures composed of dense regular connective tissue that connect bone to bone.

Tendons

Structures composed of dense regular connective tissue that connect muscle to bone.

Diaphysis

The elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone that provides leverage and weight support.

Epiphysis

The knobby region at each end of a long bone, composed of a thin outer layer of compact bone and an inner region of spongy bone.

Articular Cartilage

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the joint surface of bones, reducing friction and absorbing shock.

Metaphysis

The region where a long bone widens and connects the diaphysis to the epiphysis.

Epiphyseal Plate

Growth plate located within the metaphysis that allows for lengthwise bone growth.

Periosteum

Tough sheath covering the outer surface of bone, serving as an attachment site for ligaments and tendons.

Endosteum

Thin layer of connective tissue covering all internal surfaces of bone within the medullary cavity.

Bone Marrow

Soft connective tissue found in bone, including red bone marrow, responsible for blood cell production.

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Stem cells in bone that can differentiate into osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that synthesize and secrete osteoid.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

Multinucleated cells involved in bone resorption.

Ossification

The process of bone formation and development, including intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

Interstitial Growth

Growth of cartilage from within, leading to an increase in length.

Appositional Growth

Growth of cartilage or bone by addition to its outer surface, leading to an increase in width.

Calcitriol

Active form of vitamin D involved in calcium absorption and regulating calcium levels in the blood.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone released by parathyroid glands that increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity.

Calcitonin

Hormone that helps lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

Osteopenia

Condition characterized by lower than normal bone density, often a precursor to osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis

Condition marked by reduced bone mass, leading to increased risk of fractures, often associated with aging.