Companat: Respiratory

Which species are covered in comparative respiratory anatomy?

Birds

What is the shared function of the respiratory system across species?

Gas exchange

Which species are strict nasal breathers?

Horses

Why are horses obligate nasal breathers?

Long soft palate

Where are avian nostrils located?

At the base of the beak

What protects some avian nostrils?

Operculum

Which species have highly mobile nostrils for sniffing?

Dogs

Which species have large

wide but immobile nostrils?

Which species have extremely large dilatable nostrils for exercise?

Horse

Which species have reduced nasal turbinates?

Birds

Which species have highly complex ethmoturbinates?

Dogs

Which species have a nasal diverticulum?

Horses

What separates the horse nasal diverticulum?

Alar fold

What unique structure is present in birds' pharynx?

Choanal slit

Do birds have a soft palate?

No

Which species have a soft palate that allows both nasal and oral breathing?

Dogs and cats

What causes risk of DDS in horses?

Long soft palate

Do birds have an epiglottis?

No

Where does avian sound production occur?

Syrinx

What causes roaring in horses?

Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy

Which species have C-shaped tracheal rings with a trachealis muscle?

Dogs and cats

Which species have complete tracheal rings?

Birds

Which species have the longest trachea relative to body size?

Horses

Are avian lungs expandable?

No

What structure performs gas exchange in birds?

Parabronchi and air capillaries

What airflow pattern occurs in birds?

Unidirectional airflow

What airflow pattern occurs in mammals?

Bidirectional airflow

What type of gas exchange do mammals use?

Alveolar

How many air sacs do birds have?

Nine

Which species have a tracheal bronchus?

Ruminants

Which lung lobe in ruminants receives the tracheal bronchus?

Right cranial lobe

Which species lack a middle lung lobe?

Horses

Which species lack conventional lung lobes?

Birds

Which species have poor collateral ventilation?

Horses and cattle

What predisposes cattle to cranioventral pneumonia?

Tracheal bronchus

What main function do avian air sacs serve?

Bellows for unidirectional airflow

Do birds have a diaphragm?

No

What drives bird ventilation?

Sternum and rib movement

Which species have the strongest diaphragm due to rumen support?

Ruminants

What aids horse ventilation during gallop?

Visceral piston

What common respiratory disorder affects cats?

Feline asthma

What respiratory disorder in horses causes dyspnea after exercise?

Heaves (RAO)

What is a key risk during feline intubation?

Laryngospasm

Why are cuffed tubes avoided in birds?

Fragile trachea with complete rings

How are horses typically intubated?

Blind via nasal passages

What condition is common in brachycephalic dogs?

Brachycephalic airway syndrome

What respiratory condition results from eructation failure in ruminants?

Bloat-related dyspnea

Which laryngeal condition affects cattle and ruminants?

Enlarged larynx during rumination

What species often develop aspiration pneumonia?

Ruminants

Which species commonly experience exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage?

Horses