AP euro ch.13 flashcards

Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses in 1517 to challenge which practice of the Catholic Church?

Indulgences and church corruption

What was Luther’s key teaching about salvation?

Salvation comes by faith alone (sola fide), not works

Which concept did Luther promote about religious authority?

Authority of Scripture (sola scriptura) over the pope or church hierarchy

What principle describes the equality of all believers before God according to Luther?

Priesthood of all believers

What event forced Luther to defend his writings before the Holy Roman Emperor?

Diet of Worms (1521)

Where did Luther translate the New Testament into German?

Wartburg Castle

Which German political factor helped spread Lutheranism?

Local princes supported Luther for religious and political autonomy

Who was the Swiss reformer who disagreed with Luther on the Eucharist?

Huldrych Zwingli

What was the main belief of Anabaptists?

Adult baptism only, separation of church and state, pacifism

Who wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion and promoted predestination?

John Calvin

What city became the model Calvinist theocracy?

Geneva

Which French group followed Calvinist ideas?

Huguenots

What was the main reason Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church?

Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon

What law made Henry VIII the head of the Church of England?

Act of Supremacy (1534)

Who wrote the Book of Common Prayer?

Thomas Cranmer

What happened to monasteries under Henry VIII?

Dissolution → wealth transferred to Crown and nobles

Who restored Catholicism after Henry VIII and executed Protestants?

Mary I (“Bloody Mary”)

Who established a moderate Protestant settlement in England?

Elizabeth I (Elizabethan Settlement)

What council addressed Catholic reform and reaffirmed church doctrine?

Council of Trent (1545–1563)

What Catholic order was founded by Ignatius of Loyola?

Jesuits → missionaries, schools, discipline

Which female order promoted women’s education in Catholicism?

Ursulines

What tools did the Catholic Church use to control ideas?

Roman Inquisition and Index of Prohibited Books

What was the Peace of Augsburg (1555)?

German princes decide religion for their territory (Catholicism or Lutheranism)

Which German revolt was inspired by the Reformation but opposed by Luther?

Peasants’ Revolt (1525)

What massacre occurred in France in 1572?

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre → thousands of Huguenots killed

What document granted Huguenots religious toleration in France?

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Which revolt led to the independence of the Dutch Republic?

Calvinist revolt against Spanish rule

Which failed naval campaign demonstrated England’s rising power?

Spanish Armada (1588)

What was the Colloquy of Marburg (1529)?

Attempt to unite Lutherans and Zwinglians → failed over Eucharist

What was Calvin’s belief about obedience to secular rulers?

Generally obey rulers; rulers must uphold God’s law; resist if they command sin

Who was Michael Servetus and why was he executed?

Denied the Trinity; executed in Geneva → shows limits of Protestant tolerance

Who were the “Politiques” in France?

Moderates prioritizing civil order over religious uniformity (e.g., Catherine de’ Medici, Henry IV)

Which treaty ended the later European religious wars and recognized state sovereignty?

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

What social effects did Protestantism have on families?

Marriage emphasized as spiritual partnership; clergy allowed to marry

What was a major cause of witch-hunts in 16th–17th century Europe?

Religious tension, social stress, scapegoating of women

How did art differ between Protestant and Catholic regions?

Protestant → plain, text-focused; Catholic → Baroque, emotional, persuasive

Who were key Christian humanists promoting reform through education?

Erasmus (Praise of Folly), Thomas More (Utopia)

What role did the printing press play in the Reformation?

Spread ideas quickly, increased literacy, made Bible accessible in vernacular

Which Habsburg ruler opposed Protestantism across Europe?

Charles V

Which event showed limits of religious toleration even among Protestants?

Execution of Michael Servetus in Geneva

Where did Martin Luther post his 95 Theses according to Rick Steves?

Wittenberg

What role did the printing press play in spreading Luther’s ideas, as shown in the video?

Allowed rapid distribution and literacy growth

Where did Luther hide while translating the New Testament into German?

Wartburg Castle

What was the significance of Wittenberg’s Market Square?

Center of Reformation activity, 95 Theses posted

Which city became the model for a strict Calvinist society, as Rick shows?

Geneva

Why did the Reformation spread more easily in Germany according to the video?

Fragmented political structure allowed local princes to support Luther

How did Rick Steves describe the Catholic Church’s response to the Reformation?

Counter-Reformation: Council of Trent, Jesuits, Inquisition

What role did travel and visiting historical sites play in understanding the Reformation, according to Rick Steves?

Shows real locations to visualize events and understand historical context