Eng 1: Aspect - Barrier

1. Verbal/Linguistic Aspect

2. Non-verbal/Extralinguistic Aspect

Aspect of Communication

Verbal/Linguistic Aspect

This is the aspect that makes use of words.

Verbal/Linguistic Aspect

It may be oral or written, formal or informal.

Non-Verbal/Extralinguistic Aspect

This aspect does not make use of words but may enhance or change the linguistic code.

1. Non-Linguistic Elements

2. Paralinguistic Elements

Two Elements of Non Verbal Aspect

Kinesics

Proxemics

Chronemics

Haptics

Olfactics

Oculesics

Gustatory

Physical Appearance

Non-Linguistic Elements

Kinesics

language of body movements.

Kinesics

For example, hand gestures

Proxemics

language of distance or space.

Proxemics

For example, public space, social space, personal space, and intimate space

Chronemics

language of time.

Chronemics

For example, if you came late in an interview, the interviewer interpreted it as an inefficient employee.

Haptics

language of touch.

Haptics

For example, you caress the back of your friend who is lonely.

Olfactics

language of smell.

Olfactics

For example, you identify the food that your neighborhood is cooking because you smell its flavorings

Oculesics

language of eye movement.

Gustatory

language of taste

Physical Appearance

how the person appears suggests his/her personality

Vocal Quality

Pitch

Tempo

Volume

Juncture

Paralinguistic Elements

Vocal Quality

quality of the voice.

Vocal Quality

The way the person speaks can tell his/her personality depending on the quality of the voice.

Vocal Quality

Being soft spoken may mean that a person is shy.

Pitch

The highness and the lowness of the voice

Tempo

the speed of the voice

Volume

the loudness of the voice

Juncture

These are the pauses while speaking

Intrapersonal Communication

Interpersonal "

Public "

Mass "

Organizational "

Intercultural "

Technology-Mediated-"

Levels of Communication

Intrapersonal Communication

It is a communication within yourself.

Intrapersonal Communication

It happens when you are talking to yourself.

Intrapersonal Communication

For example when you are reviewing your lessons, when making decision, when you have a deep thought about something among others

Interpersonal Communication

This is a communication between one person to another person.

Interpersonal Communication

It often refers to face-to-face communication.

Interpersonal Communication

It involves two or small groups of people who are exchanging thoughts and ideas.

Public Communication

This is communication from one person to a huge group of people.

The public is composed of a heterogeneous audience.

For example, miting de avance, state of the nation address

Public Communication

The public is composed of a heterogeneous audience.

Public Communication

For example, miting de avance, state of the nation address

Mass Communication

This is a type of communication which involves the mass media such as newspapers, television, and radio.

Mass Communication

Like public communication, the audience is also heterogeneous

Organizational Communication

from the term itself, it is a form of communication which takes place inside the organization.

Organizational Communication

However, it does not involve informal communication among the members of the organization.

Organizational Communication

As a formal communication, it follows strict policies on communication flow and channels in the organization.

Organizational Communication

For example, business meetings, written communications like formal letters, memorandum, bulletin, announcement etc.

Intercultural Communication

It is a form of communication that involves person-to-person, person-to-group, or group-to-group from different cultures.

Intercultural Communication

It is important that one has to understand cultural differences for it may result in offending other cultures when communicating.

Intercultural Communication

For example in a certain culture, they find it offensive when someone is making direct eye contact with them or a handshake may sometimes be unnecessary.

Technology-Mediated-Communication

This is any form of communication that uses technology when communicating like cellphone, telephone, facsimile, computer.

Technology-Mediated-Communication

So, when you are using social media when communicating to other people, it is a form of -

Accessible

Actionable

Credible

Relevant

Timely

Understandable

Principles for Effective Communication

Accessible

Make information available online

Accessible

Identify effective channels

Accessible

Ensuring Accessibility

Actionable

Move audiences to action

Actionable

Behaviour change campaigns

Actionable

Communicate in emergencies

Credible

Technical accuracy

Credible

Be transparent

Credible

Coordinate with partners

Relevant

Know the audience

Relevant

Listen to the audience

Relevant

Tailor the message

Relevant

Motivate the audience

Timely

Communicate early

Timely

Communicate at the right time

Timely

Build the conversation

Understandable

Use plain language

Understandable

Tell real stories

Understandable

Make it visual

Understandable

Use familiar languages

Ethics

is the discussion of the judgments we make about the appropriateness, the right or wrong, of our actions and policies be those actions communicative, political, social, personal, or a mixture of areas

Ethics

It is the study of what, ultimately, is the best course of action: How should we behave to have the most positive effect upon society and to become the best individuals we can? (Johannensen Ethics in Human Communication)

Ethical Communicators are respectful of their audiences

" consider the consequences of their communication

" respect truth

" use information properly

" do not falsify information

" respect the rights of others to information

Ethics of Oral Communication

Ethical communicators are respectful of their audiences.

Respect for audiences includes respect for the ideas and feelings of the people with whom we interact.

Ethical communicators are respectful of their audiences.

If people possess dignity and worth, then they need to be treated as such even when we may disagree with them strongly.

Ethical communicators are respectful of their audiences.

One student was addressing an issue which some saw as racially charged. Individual's response to those opposing his ideas was, "Get a life." His/Her reaction demeaned not only those disagreeing with him but his own ideas as well

Ethical communicators consider the consequences of their communication.

We do not communicate in vacuums. Our communication endeavours are never isolated from one the other.

Ethical communicators consider the consequences of their communication.

For example, how we respond at school influences how we respond at home and that in turn affects how we respond in our public lives.

Ethical communicators consider the consequences of their communication.

Having considered the natures of our audiences, we need to consider further the effect of our communication on them and upon ourselves

Ethical communicators respect truth.

A great deal of the ethics of communication involves a respect for truth.

Ethical communicators respect truth.

If we cannot trust the other party, we cannot accurately judge how to respond.

Ethical communicators respect truth.

If we cannot accurately judge how to respond, then our communication becomes increasingly ineffective.

Ethical communicators respect truth.

If the lack of trust is pervasive enough, it is destructive to society.

Ethical communicators use information properly.

If we are going to provide information to people, much less persuade them, we need to be well prepared for the occasion.

Ethical communicators use information properly.

In addition to securing information, we also need to consider the accuracy of the information and the accuracy with which we use it.

Ethical communicators use information properly.

When we communicate, we expect people to react in some way to what we say and do.

Ethical communicators use information properly.

When we use inaccurate information to influence others, we cause difficulty for them and for ourselves

Ethical communicators do not falsify information.

Worse than the distortion of information is falsifying information.

Ethical communicators do not falsify information.

Failing to find information useful to our goals, we make it up.

Ethical communicators do not falsify information.

Another way of falsifying information is through plagiarism.

Ethical communicators do not falsify information.

Plagiarism is a kind of theft, intellectual theft.

Ethical communicators do not falsify information.

When writing, we acknowledge sources by the use of quotation marks and include a citation of the source.

Ethical communicators do not falsify information.

When speaking, we acknowledge sources by naming them in the context of the speech.

Ethical communicators respect the rights of others to information.

A respect for truth and an ethical consideration of others also means respecting the rights of others in regard to information and access to information.

Ethical communicators respect the rights of others to information.

Collecting information is an integral part of the research process, but stealing information is theft, taking something that does not belong to us.

Ethical communicators respect the rights of others to information.

Beyond the personal act of theft, stealing information is unethical because it prevents other people from securing information and unnecessarily makes their lives more difficult

Ethnocentrism

Stereotyping

Psychological Barriers

Language Barrier

Conflicting Values

Barriers of Communication

Ethnocentrism

It happens when people implicitly believe that their way of doing things and seeing things are the right and only way.

Ethnocentrism

This resulted in judging the behaviours negatively which do not actually conform to their own vision.

Ethnocentrism

People that possess "-" perceive others' behaviours as odd and improper.

Ethnocentrism

It also creates an "us versus them" mentality that can be detrimental