03-Biological Molecules

1. biological importance of carbon - draw C compounds - CC functional groups 2. biological macromolecules -SEQ, CC dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis -CC biological molecules -CC levels of protein structure

how many valence electrons are in carbon?

4

how many bonds can carbon form up to?

4

what is carbon able to form?

complex organic compounds

what is carbon linked to?

C, H, N or O

how much water makes up a cell?

70-90%

what kind of linkages are in hydrocarbons?

non polar covalent linkages

Are hydrocarbons hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

what are the 4 ways C skeletons vary?

length, double bond position, branching, rings

what do functional groups do?

replace H on skeleton and determine molecular behavior

What are marcomolecules?

polymers built from monomers

what are the 4 classes of cells in marcomolecules?

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

What is a polymer?

macromolecule produced by linking monomers

Polymer synthesis and breakdown

Hydrolysis reactions use water to breakdown polymers into monomers

dehydration synthesis

synthesizing a polymer

Dehydrogenase

an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of hydrogen atoms from a particular molecule, particularly in the electron transport chain reactions of cell respiration in conjunction with the coenzymes NAD and FAD

are all macromolecules polymers?

no

are carbs, proteins and nucleic acids polymers?

yes

are lipids polymers?

no

CH2O

carbohydrates

What are monosaccharides?

simple sugars

monomers build....

complex carbs

carbonyl group

aldehydes and ketones

Are monosaccharides hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

What are disaccharides?

double sugars

What are polysaccharides?

large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides

what do the polysaccharides store?

food reserves (source of E)

Where is starch found?

plants

where is glycogen found?

animals

what subunits are in glycogen and starch?

alpha subunits

cellulose

Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls

why is it difficult to break down cellulose?

fiber

What is chitin?

structural polysaccharide

Where is chitin found?

arthropods and chitin

Are lipids polar or non-polar?

non-polar (hydrophobic)

what can lipids dissolve in, if not water?

chloroform

what is the most abundant lipid?

fats

1g of fat = _ calories

9

1g of carbs or protein equals how many grams of Calories?

4 calories

saturated fats

A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products.

in saturated fats, C is completely associated with what?

H

unsaturated fats

A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.

in unsaturated fats, what happens when H is removed?

double bond between C's

in unsaturated fat what does bending do?

prevents close packing

triacylglycerol

triglycerides, main storage form of fat

Phospholipids

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

are phospholipids amphipathic?

yes

steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, not in plants

proteins

Chains of amino acids

peptide bonds

a covalent bond that joins amino acids, at the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the other amino acid, with the release of a molecule of water

what is the primary structure of a protein?

linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

h bonds between close amino acids, no R groups

what is the tertiary structure of a protein?

r-groups of same peptide

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

two or more polypeptide chains joined

denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

can renaturation of a protein happen?

yes

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

nucleotides

monomers of nucleic acids

nucleic acids hold hereditary information and determine what?

determine polypeptides produced by cell