Types of DNA mutations

DNA repair

Point mutations

change of a single nucleotide

Point mutation effect on protein

can be silent, missense (change of aa), or nonsense (stop codon)

Insertions

addition of one or more nucleotides

Insertions effect on protein

Frameshift if not multiple of 3 (1 is worst), alters downstream amino acids

Deletion

loss of one or more nucleotide

deletion effect on protein

frameshift if not multiple of 3 (1 is worst)

duplication

repetition of DNA segment

Duplication effect on protein

can cause protein overexpression or dysfunction

inversion

segment of DNA that breaks, flips, then reinserts

Inversion effect on protein

may disrupt gene regulation or function

translocation

DNA segment moves to another chromosome

Translocation effect on protein

can create fusion genes