BIO 209: Exam 3 study sets (Ch 13, 14, 15, 16)

when selecting a chemical agent to use on a patient, what are important criteria to consider?

non-toxic, readily available, inexpensive

what are important drug attributes to consider when selecting a drug to give to a patient?

non-allergenic, solubility, selective toxicity

What is chemotherapy?

using chemical substances to kill pathogens without injuring the host

what is a chemotherapeutic agent?

any chemical substance used in medical practice

what are chemotherapeutic agents referred to as?

drugs

what is an antimicrobial agent?

a special group of chemotherapeutic agents used to treat diseases caused by microbes

what is a phropylactic treatment?

something used to prevent a disease from occurring (brushing teeth prevents cavities)

What is the treatment?

something done when the patient has a disease (filling in a cavity)

What is sterilization?

removal of all microbes in a material or object

What is sterility?

a material has no living organisms

what is disinfection?

reducing the number of pathogenic organisms on objects or materials

what is selective toxicity?

A drug that kills harmful microbes without damaging the host

what is a toxic dosage level?

dosage that causes host damage

what is a therapeutic dosage level?

a safe dose of a drug

what is activity spectrum?

range of different microbes an antimicrobial agent acts on

what are the types of activity spectrum?

broad spectrum, narrow spectrum

What is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent?

effective against many different types of microbes

If the patient has an infection with an unidentified organism, which type of antimicrobial agent should be used?

broad spectrum

What is a narrow spectrum antimicrobial agent?

effective against a smaller group of microbes or only the isolated species

when should a narrow spectrum antimicrobial agent be used?

when the organism causing infection is known

what are common side effects of drugs?

toxicity, allergy, microflora disruption

what are the factors for controlling/reducing microbial growth

time required for sterilization, role of organic matter, proportional death rates?

what does time required for sterilization mean when referring to controlling/reducing microbial growth?

how long to expose the microbe to the chemical agent

what does role of organic matter mean when referring to controlling/reducing microbial growth?

clearing tissue and debris is important because organic matter impairs the effectiveness of many chemical agents

what does proportional death rates mean when referring to controlling/reducing microbial growth?

the definite proportion of organisms dying in a given time interval

what does increasing concentration of a chemical agent usually do?

increases effectiveness

what is a high concentration antimicrobial chemical agent known as?

bactericidal

what is a low concentration antimicrobial chemical agent known as?

bacteriostatic

what does a bactericidal antimicrobial chemical agent do?

kills bacteria

what does a bacteriostatic antimicrobial chemical agent do?

stops bacterial growth

what is the only chemical agent that is not more effective as the concentration increases?

ethyl and isopropyl alcohol (not effective at 100%)

what are methods of evaluating the effectiveness of an antimicrobial chemical agent?

phenol coefficient, filter diffusion method, thermal death time, decimal reduction time

why is phenol coefficient used when evaluating effectiveness of an antimicrobial chemical agent?

all antimicrobial chemical agents are compared to the phenol value of 1.0 (the standard). The higher the number is, the more effective the chemical is.

why is filter diffusion method used when evaluating effectiveness of an antimicrobial chemical agent?

can tell if the organism is resistant or sensitive to the chemical agent

what is the process of conducting a filter diffusion method?

paper discs soaked with different chemical agents are placed on a media inoculated with a microbe

what is the thermal death time when referring to evaluating effectiveness of a chemical agent?

time required to kill all bacteria in a culture at a specified temp

What is the decimal reduction time when referring to evaluating effectiveness of a chemical agent?

time needed to kill 90% of the organisms in a given population at a specified temp

what are the types of chemical agents?

disinfectants, antiseptics, sanitizer, germicide

what is a disinfectant?

chemical agents used on inanimate objects (bleach)

what is an antiseptic?

chemical agents used on living tissue (tincture of iodine)

what is a sanitizer?

chemical agent used on food handling equipment and eating utensils to reduce bacterial numbers (washing dishes with soap)

what is a germicide?

chemical agent capable of killing microbes rapidly

what is a bactericide?

an agent that kills bacteria

do bactericides kill spores?

no

what is a bacteriostatic agent?

an agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria

what is a viricide?

an agent that inactivates viruses

what is a fungicide?

an agent that kills fungi

what is a sporocide?

an agent that kills bacterial endospores or fungal spores

What are antibiotics?

chemicals produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of bacteria

what are synthetic antibiotics?

antibiotics made in a lab

what are semi-synthetic antibiotics?

antibiotics made partly in a lab and partly by microbes

what are the drug target sites?

cell wall, cell membrane, protein synthesis, nucleic acids, metabolism

What do drugs that target the cell wall do to the organism?

organism expands and bursts because cell wall is gone

what types of cells are drugs that target cell walls used on?

gram positive (thick cell wall)

what do drugs that target the cell membrane bind to in the cell?

phospholipids in the membrane

what types of cells are drugs that target cell membrane used for?

gram negative (has 2 layers of cell membrane)

what do drugs that inhibit protein synthesis target in the cell?

DNA, RNA, ribosomes

what do drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis do to the cells?

alters DNA and RNA

which drug target site is known as the last resource?

inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (because host DNA can be damaged as well)

what do antimetabolites do to cells?

stops metabolism of the microbe

what component of viruses to antiviral drugs target?

nucleic acids, proteins

what component of the cell do antifungal drugs affect?

cell membrane, cell wall

why do antifungal drugs often cause side effects?

fungi are eukaryotes (similar to humans)

what component of the cell do antiprotozoan drugs target?

proteins

why do antiprotozoan drugs often cause side effects?

protozoa are eukaryotes (similar to humans)

what are antihelminthic drugs used to treat?

parasitic worms

why do antihelminthic drugs cause bad side effects?

helminths are eukaryotes in the kingdom animalia (humans are animalia, very similar)

which classes of antimicrobials are chemical agents: soaps, detergents, acids, dry heat, pasteurization

soaps, detergents, acids

which classes of antimicrobials are physical agents: soaps, detergents, acids, dry heat, pasteurization

dry heat, pasteurization

is soap a chemical or physical agent?

chemical

what part of microbes does soap target?

cell membrane, proteins

what is an example of using soap as an antimicrobial agent?

washing hands

are detergents a physical or chemical agent?

chemical

what part of microbes does detergents target?

cell membrane, proteins

what are the two types of detergents?

cationic, anionic

are cationic detergents positively or negatively charged?

positive

what are cationic detergents used for?

sanitizing food utensils (dishwashing liquid)

are anionic detergents positively or negatively charged?

negative

what are anionic detergents used for?

laundry and household cleaning items (laundry detergent)

what is an example of using detergent as an antimicrobial agent?

doing laundry

are acids a physical or chemical agent?

chemical

what part of microbes do acids target?

proteins (denatures them)

how do acids denature proteins?

lowers pH, causing proteins to denature

what is an example of using acids as an antimicrobial agent?

food preservation (pickles)

is dry heat a physical or chemical agent?

physical

what part of microbes does dry heat target?

proteins (denatures)

what is an example of using dry heat as an antimicrobial agent?

using Bunsen burner to sterilize loops

is pasteurization a physical or chemical agent?

physical

what part of microbes does pasteurization target?

proteins (denatures)

how does pasteurization denature proteins?

changes temperature of the solution to shock the microbes

what is an example of using pasteurization as an antimicrobial agent?

pasteurized milk and dairy products

what are the types of immunity?

innate, adaptive

What is innate immunity?

non-specific hereditary defense against many pathogens without prior exposure

Is innate immunity specific or non-specific?

non-specific

does innate or adaptive immunity have a similar response to all pathogens?

innate

does everyone have a similar innate or adaptive immune system?

innate

What is adaptive immunity?

specific, non-hereditary defense after exposure to a specific pathogen

Is innate or adaptive immunity specific?

adaptive

What agents found in microbes and cells does the adaptive immune system respond to?

antigens

does the innate or adaptive immune system produce memory cells?

adaptive