Weathering

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3 laws of rock cycle history

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1

3 laws of rock cycle history

  • superposition

  • original horizontality

  • lateral continuity

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superposition meaning

oldest layer of rock on the bottom

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original horizontality meaning

processes move rocks from horizontal to angled

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lateral continuity

layers of rock will continue on unless interrupted

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Peridotite

  • coarse grained ultra mafic igneous rock

  • most dominant type of upper mantle

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6

where do the first sedimentary rocks come from?

the weathering of an igneous protolith

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7

physical weathering

mechanical and breaks rock into smaller pieces with no chemical change

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8

Ice wedging

physical weathering, water entering a fracture then cools to form ice which expands ~10% and enlarges the fracture

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insolation

physical weathering, caused by day and night cycles with strong temperature changes

  • desert conditions, cold and dryp

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10

unroofing

physical weathering, a buried body brought up due to:

  • thermal contraction (cooling)

    • stress release (less and less confining pressure)

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11

salt weathering

physical weathering, salty water forms “honeycomb” structures in rock

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two effects of physical weathering

  • exfoliation = homogeneous rocks fracture and are detached from the outcrop due to pressure release

    • spheroidal weathering = production of spheroidal boulders of unweathered rock, around which are to be observed layers or flakes of disintegrated material.

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chemical weathering

rock composition is changed due to minerals being out of equilibrium with environment and in contact with water

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dissolution

chemical weathering, NaCl→Na+Cl

most common

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alteration

chemical weathering, mineral transforms into a new mineral and solutes with some remaining og mineral

  • dehydration: gypsum→ anhydrite+water

  • hydration: hematite+water→limonite

  • redox rxns: oxidation loses electrons, reduc gains electrons

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incongruent weathering

part of reactant is consumed

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congruent weathering

all of reactant solid is entirely consumed

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pH

hydrogen ion concentration, expressed as -log10[H+]

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19

Eh

expresses potential for oxidation or redox to occur,

shown graphically with pH

  • rain, rivers = 0.4

  • seawater = 0.4

  • soil = 0-0.2

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20

Soil Profiles

  • O-horizon/A-horizon = plant biosphere (living and dead)

  • E = leached

  • B = accumulation of altered minerals

  • C = partially altered parent material

    • unweathered material (bedrock)

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Laterization Soil

Laterites

  • warm humid climates

  • Fe and Al accumulations

  • intense weathering

  • little organic matter

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22

Podzolization Soil

Podzols

  • cool and moist climate

  • well drained, leached, sandy soil

  • lots of organic matter

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calcification soil

Calcozols

  • hot and dry environment

  • evaporation > precipitation

  • accumulation of excess CaCO3

  • deserts

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24

Chemical Index of Alteration

tells amount of chemical weathering that has occurred

  • higher CIA = more chemical weathering due to the denominator weathering out while Al2O3 stays

  • higher temperature = higher reaction rate

  • higher rainfall = higher reaction rate

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25

weathering processes

  • thermal energy

  • chemical energy

    • biological energy

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transport processes

  • wind

  • flowing ice

  • flowing water

  • gravitational potential energy

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