Bot-Lab (Sem-1) - Chapter 11: Plant Tissues

spermatophyte

gymnosperms and angiosperms; any plant that produces seeds; made up of many cells that form tissues that occur in all primary organs such as roots, stems, and leaves

meristematic; permanent

two types of basic tissues of plants

meristematic tissues

cells that facilitate growth during the development of a plant embryo and then into a seedling; two types: primary/apical and secondary/lateral

primary/apical meristem

a type of meristem responsible for primary growth in all plants; reason behind plant totipotency; two types: shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM)

totipotency

the ability of a single cell to give rise to all of the differentiated cell types that build the conceptus

shoot apical meristem (SAM); root apical meristem (RAM)

two types of primary/apical meristem

apical meristem; primary meristem (protoderm; procambium; ground meristem)

parts found in both the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM)

apical meristem/promeristem

part of SAM and RAM under microscope; occur at the tip of a growing shoot

primary meristem

part of SAM and RAM under microscope; composed of three different regions: protoderm; procambium; ground meristem

protoderm

part of the primary meristem; gives rise to the epidermis (dermal tissue)

procambium

part of the primary meristem; gives rise to the vascular tissues (primary xylem and primary phloem)

ground meristem

part of the primary meristem; gives rise to the cortex (ground tissue)

shoot apical meristem (SAM)

primary meristem that produces leaves, buds, and stem; generates above-ground aerial organs throughout the lifespan of higher plants

Coleus blumei

mayana

nodes; internodes; bud leaf axils; leaf; shoot tip

parts of a shoot apical meristem (SAM) live specimen

nodes

where leaves are attached

internodes

regions between nodes

bud leaf axils

buds found above the point where the leaf is attached

leaf

plant organ specialized for photosynthesis

shoot tip

organized tissues composed of an apical dome and several leaf buds

leaf buttress; leaf primordia

parts of a shoot apical meristem (SAM) under microscope

leaf buttress

part of SAM under microscope; a slight bulge that continues to grow into a leaf primordium

leaf primordia

part of SAM under microscope; groups of cells that will form into new leaves; can be young (smaller) or old (bigger)

root apical meristem (RAM)

primary meristem that produces the root and responds to gravitational cues

Allium cepa

onion

root cap; quiescent center

parts of a root apical meristem (RAM)

root cap

part of RAM; protective tissue located at the tip of every root

quiescent center

part of RAM; a group of cells, up to 1,000 in number, in the form of a hemisphere, with the flat face toward the root tip of vascular plants

secondary/lateral meristem

a type of meristem responsible for continuing meristematic activity produce secondary tissues for taxa with secondary growth

herbaceous plants

usually monocots; non woody; seldom undergo secondary growth

woody plants

usually gymnosperms and eudicots; grow tall with sturdy trunks as a result of secondary growth

Anonna squamosa

atis; custard apple

vascular cambium

secondary meristem responsible for increasing the diameter of stems and roots and for forming woody tissue

fascicular cambium; interfascicular cambium; vascular bundle

parts of the vascular cambium

fascicular cambium

cambium that is located within the vascular bundles in plants, between the xylem and phloem

interfascicular cambium

cambium that is located between vascular bundles

vascular bundles

composed of xylem, phloem, and sometimes a layer of cambium cells

cork cambium (phellogen)

 secondary meristem; a single layer of thin-walled cells that continue to divide and produce phelloderm and phellem (dead cork cell layers) on the outside of the stem

phelloderm

inside of cork cambium; composed of living parenchyma cells

phellem

dead cork cell layers

permanent tissues

vary in form and function and the types of component cells; two types in terms of cell composition: simple or complex; three types: dermal; ground; vascular

simple tissues

range from the common cell type (parenchyma) to some more specialized ones (collenchyma and sclerenchyma)

complex tissues

vascular tissues composed of conductive elements and non-conducting cells

dermal; ground; vascular

three types of permanent tissues

dermal tissues

permanent tissue; surface tissues of the plant body; composed of the epidermis and periderm

epidermis

dermal tissue; the outermost cell layer of the plant body; two types: uniseriate and multiseriate

adaxial epidermis

upper surface of the leaf

palisade mesophyll

nearer the adaxial side of the epidermis; oblong in shape, densely packed and contact with each other; maximize energy production during photosynthesis

abaxial epidermis

lower surface of the leaf

spongy mesophyll

nearer the abaxial side of the epidermis; uneven in shape and have air spaces between them; facilitate the exchange of gases essential to the process of photosynthesis

cuticle; guard cells; ordinary epidermal cell; stomatal pore; subsidiary/accessory cell; substomatal chamber

parts of the epidermis

cuticle

a protecting film covering the outermost skin layer (epidermis) of leaves, young shoots and other aerial plant organs

stoma

a pore flanked by guard cells found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange between the internal air spaces of the leaf and the atmosphere

guard cells

part of the epidermis and stoma; help to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata

stomatal pore

microscopic holes in the leaves and stems of plants that allow for gas exchange with the environment

ordinary epidermal cell

cells that lie between the more specialized cells of the epidermis

subsidiary/accessory cell

part of the epidermis; surround and support guard cells

substomatal chamber

the cavity located immediately proximal to the stoma

uniseriate

epidermis with one cell layer

Ixora

santan; West Indian jasmine

multiseriate

a.k.a. multiple epidermis; epidermis with more than one cell layer; one or more layers beneath the outermost are derived from the protoderm by periclinal divisions and may be morphologically and physiologically distinct from the deep-lying ground tissues

cystoliths

calcium carbonate deposits inside cells

lithocysts

cells that bear cystoliths