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American History
The earliest traces of the political division that would develop during the Presidency of George Washington could be found during the ___________________________.
Constitutional Convention
There were two political parties that reemerged when Hamilton suggested his financial plan.
Republicans and Federalists
The Republicans (called Democratic Republicans by historians) were represented by:
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
What did the Republicans advocate?
a smaller federal government and greater freedom for states and individuals
The Federalists were represented by:
Alexander Hamilton and John Adams
What did the Federalists advocate for?
a strong central government with strong checks and balances and a looser interpretation of the Constitution
While they also found support from small farmers, the Federalists’ primary supporters were:
lawyers
professionals
businessmen
merchants
the clergy
The formation of the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists was strongly influenced by the rivalry between:
Jefferson and Hamilton
Jefferson considered Hamilton to be ________ and disliked his ___________, and Hamilton felt Jefferson was _____________ to the nation.
corrupt
open ambition
dangerous
Despite his best efforts, ______________ could not make Hamilton and Jefferson see eye to eye.
Washington
By the fall of _____, the parties that developed around each man had begun publicly campaigning for their preferred candidates in the New York _________________.
1792
gubernatorial election
In _____, the United States only had 35 newspapers in print. By ______, there were close to 200.
1783
1800
These newspapers were typically ____________, developing rivalries with other papers and printed attacks on political figures. These attacks could become quite personal, spreading rumors or publishing ____________.
partisan
libel
The first newspaper that served as an official outlet for a political party was _________________________, started by Federalist _______________ in ___________.
the Gazette of the United States
John Fenno
1789
The Gazette of the United States was soon followed by the _________________, which was formed in the autumn of _____, by ____________ and _____________ and run by ________________.
National Gazette
1791
Jefferson
Madison
Philip Freneau
The _______________ became highly critical of Washington.
National Gazette
By 1833, there were over ______ newspapers in print.
1,200
Because of the increase of partisan newspapers and their harsh political attacks, the time between 1789 and 1833 is referred to as the ________________.
Party Press Era
A _____ is a meeting of the members of a political party.
caucus
An increase in which of these options accelerated the development of political rivalries?
newspapers
Opposition to Hamilton's policies led to the organization of the Republican Party and the Federalist Party. True or False?
True
Leaders of the two political parties were Hamilton of the _____________ Party and Madison and Jefferson of the _______________ Party.
Federalist
Republican
When _____ started to seize American ships, John Jay was sent to negotiate a peaceful agreement.
Great Britain
The United States did not take either side in the French Revolution but adopted a position of strict neutrality. True or False?
True
Jay's Treaty with England was unpopular in the United States because the British did not promise to stop interfering with American ____________.
shipping
Pinckney's Treaty was an agreement between the United States and _____________.
Spain
During its early years, the American government faced the challenges of:
the French Revolution
British seizure of American ships
a treaty with England
a treaty with Spain
When did the French Revolution begin?
1789
Who was not sympathetic about the French Revolution when everybody was?
John Adams
A policy of __________ was necessary when the French Revolution became bloodier.
neutrality
In the spring of 1793, France sent a special envoy to America, ___________________.
Edmond Charles Genet
How did Genet present himself to America?
Citizen Genet to emphasize his democratic values
What were the things Genet was instructed to do?
to get the United States to help defend French holdings in the _______________
to negotiate a _______________ with America
to get America to agree to _____________ on the debt owed to France
to gain permission to use _______________ as French naval bases from which they could launch attacks on British vessels
Caribbean
new trade deal
advance payments
American ports
Where did Genet go first when he arrived in America?
Charleston to commission American ships as privateer vessels
What happened when Genet tried to gain support from the American people to help France?
supporters rallied for the President
What are the effects of the Citizen Genet Affair?
First, it forced America to make a consistent policy about what their neutrality would look like.
Second, it reinforced Jefferson’s frustration with the way Washington was handling relations with France.
In ________________, Jefferson submitted his resignation as ______________.
December 1793
Secretary of State
The chief threat to America's neutrality came from _________.
Great Britain
America’s first issue with Britain had to do with the way it was using its ___________.
powerful navy
A second grievance was that the British still occupied forts along the northwestern boundary of the United States, which violated the _______________.
Treaty of Paris
In 1794, he sent _____________________ to England to seek an agreement with the British government.
John Jay, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Jay obtained an agreement with Great Britain, the _____________________, more commonly referred to as ________.
Treaty of Amity Commerce and Navigation
Jay’s Treaty
When was Jay’s Treaty’s approved?
1795
Jay’s Treaty was important for two reasons:
It marked this country's first use of negotiation to settle an international dispute
It prepared the way for settlement of America's long border dispute with Spain.
The Spanish government was afraid that the United States, with its British troubles settled, might threaten the safety of ____________________.
Spanish Florida or Louisiana
Late in 1795 therefore, __________________ was sent to conclude a treaty with Spain.
Thomas Pinckney
What did the Pinckney’s Treaty do?
fixed the boundary between the ___________ and ______________ at the thirty-first parallel
it guaranteed navigation rights on the _____________ to American citizens.
granted the use of _________________ as a "port of deposit," where American goods could be transferred from riverboats to ocean-going vessels without payment of regular duties.
United States
West Florida
Mississippi
New Orleans
As Washington's second term ended, he looked forward to retirement at his home, _________________.
Mount Vernon in Northern Virginia
What did Washington’s Farewell Address warn the American citizens about?
evils of sectional jealousy
baneful effects of the spirit of party
Washington emphasized the need for continued _____________ and urged the country "to steer clear of _______________ with any portion of the foreign world."
neutrality
permanent alliances
As the ________________ drew near, the rivalry between the Federalists and the Republicans became more intense.
election of 1796
Who did the Federalist want to be President and Vice President?
John Adams for the Presidency
Thomas Pinckney for the Vice-Presidency
Who did the Republicans want for President and Vice President?
Thomas Jefferson for President and Aaron Burr for Vice President
Factions had been developing within the Federalist party due to increasingly bitter personal disagreements between ____________________.
Hamilton and Adams
The more extreme Federalists who followed Hamilton were known as ________________.
Hamiltonians
Where was Pinckney from?
South Carolina
Who became President and Vice President and how many votes each?
Adams for President by seventy-one electoral votes
Jefferson for Vice President with sixty-eight votes
John Adams was a man of _________ and absolute __________, never swerving from what he believed to be right.
ability
honesty
Who nominated George Washington to lead the Continental Army?
John Adams
The French thought ____________ showed Americans more friendly to Britain than to France.
Jay’s Treaty
To avoid war with France, John Adams followed Washington's example, and sent three men to arrange a treaty with the French government. Who are these three men?
Elbridge Gerry
Charles Coatsworth Pickney
John Marshall
Who was the French Foreign Minister?
Marquis de Talleyrand
The three American men were greeted by three representatives that demanded a "gift" of _______________ before Talleyrand would even talk about a treaty.
250,000 dollars
Where did the XYZ Affair get its name?
The three representatives sent a letter of the French’s response to their coming. When the Democratic-Republicans demanded Adams to share the contents of the letters, he gave it to them but changed the representatives names to X, Y, and Z.
Adams advocated for the formation of a ____ for the potential war against France.
navy
In _______, he signed a congressional act establishing the _______ and commissioned the building of several naval vessels.
April 1789
US Navy
The United States provided aid to ______________, the formerly enslaved leader of the Haitian Revolution, for his fight against France.
Toussaint L’Overture
The conflict between US and France that never became a war was called:
the Quasi-War
Disagreement over the issue of war came to a head in a fight on the floor of congress between Vermont representative, _______________ and Connecticut representative, ________________.
Matthew Lyon
Roger Griswold
Progression of Griswold and Lyon’s fight:
Earlier in the session, Griswold insulted Lyon during a floor debate and Lyon retaliated by _________ in Griswold’s face.
Several weeks later, after a vote to censure Lyon for his actions failed, Griswold attacked Lyons, hitting him with his ________. Lyons responded by attacking Griswold with a _________________.
spitting tobacco juice
cane
pair of fireplace tongs
Adams’s ______________ was the high point of his presidency, earning him praise from around the country.
handling of the XYZ affair
Many of the ________________ in the 1790s joined the Republican Party.
immigrants
What were four controversial measures that the Federalist forced through Congress?
the Naturalization Act
the Alien Act
the Alien Enemies Act
the Sedition Act
What did the Naturalization Act do?
required a foreigner to live in the United States for fourteen years, rather than for five years, before he could become a citizen and vote
What did the Alien Act do?
permitted the President to deport aliens whom he judged "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States."
What did the Alien Enemies Act do?
permitted the President to imprison or deport dangerous aliens in time of war.
What did the Sedition Act do?
authorized fines up to $5,000 and imprisonment for as long as five years for anyone who tried to hinder the operation of the government
The Sedition Act was aimed specifically at ___________.
Republican newspapers
Who was the first person to be tried and jailed under the Sedition Act?
Matthew Lyon
Which act was denounced for violating freedom of speech and the press?
Alien and Sedition Acts
The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, made in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts:
claimed that the states could nullify any actions by the federal government that they judged unconstitutional
Led by Madison and Jefferson, the Republicans attacked the whole Federalist program, which was composed of:
Hamilton's financial policy
loose interpretation of the Constitution
the growing centralization of government
increased taxes
failure to reduce the debt
the money spent on the army and navy.
The press played a vital role in the election of _____.
1800
Hamilton published a pamphlet ridiculing Adams and describing him as _____________, _____, and _____ for office. Attacks toward Jefferson focused on his perceived lack of _____________.
weak-minded
vain
unfit
religious faith
The __________ candidates lost the election of 1800.
Federalist
Who voted the last vote that made Jefferson the next president?
Hamilton
What did the Twelfth Amendment do?
allowed the electors to cast separate ballots for President and Vice President.
During the closing days of Adams' administration, Congress passed a _____________ establishing several new positions for judges.
Judiciary Act
Where did “Midnight Judges” get its name?
Adams stayed until midnight the day before the election, signing the paperwork for judicial appointments.
The greatest action Adams took to preserve Federalist principles was the appointment of _______________ as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
John Marshall
Identification:
stated that a foreigner had to live in the United States fourteen years to become a citizen
forced through Congress by the Federalists
permitted the president to deport aliens whom he judged "dangerous"
permitted the president to imprison or deport dangerous aliens in time of war
was an effort to preserve Federalist principles
authorized fines up to $5,000 and imprisonment for hindering the government
Naturalization Act
Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien Act
Alien Enemies Act
Judiciary Act
Sedition Act
The XYZ Affair was an attempt by the United States to negotiate a peaceful agreement with what country?
France
A separate vote for president and vice president was required by the _____ Amendment to the Constitution.
Twelfth
Note
Flashcard