First Political Parties

American History

The earliest traces of the political division that would develop during the Presidency of George Washington could be found during the ___________________________.

Constitutional Convention

There were two political parties that reemerged when Hamilton suggested his financial plan.

Republicans and Federalists

The Republicans (called Democratic Republicans by historians) were represented by:

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

What did the Republicans advocate?

a smaller federal government and greater freedom for states and individuals

The Federalists were represented by:

Alexander Hamilton and John Adams

What did the Federalists advocate for?

a strong central government with strong checks and balances and a looser interpretation of the Constitution

While they also found support from small farmers, the Federalists’ primary supporters were:

lawyers

professionals

businessmen

merchants

the clergy

The formation of the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists was strongly influenced by the rivalry between:

Jefferson and Hamilton

Jefferson considered Hamilton to be ________ and disliked his ___________, and Hamilton felt Jefferson was _____________ to the nation.

corrupt

open ambition

dangerous

Despite his best efforts, ______________ could not make Hamilton and Jefferson see eye to eye.

Washington

By the fall of _____, the parties that developed around each man had begun publicly campaigning for their preferred candidates in the New York _________________.

1792

gubernatorial election

In _____, the United States only had 35 newspapers in print. By ______, there were close to 200.

1783

1800

These newspapers were typically ____________​, developing rivalries with other papers and printed attacks on political figures. These attacks could become quite personal, spreading rumors or publishing ____________​.

partisan

libel

The first newspaper that served as an official outlet for a political party was _________________________, started by Federalist _______________ in ___________.

the Gazette of the United States

John Fenno

1789

The Gazette of the United States was soon followed by the _________________, which was formed in the autumn of _____, by ____________ and _____________ and run by ________________.

National Gazette

1791

Jefferson

Madison

Philip Freneau

The _______________ became highly critical of Washington.

National Gazette

By 1833, there were over ______ newspapers in print.

1,200

Because of the increase of partisan newspapers and their harsh political attacks, the time between 1789 and 1833 is referred to as the ________________.

Party Press Era

A _____ is a meeting of the members of a political party.

caucus

An increase in which of these options accelerated the development of political rivalries?

newspapers

Opposition to Hamilton's policies led to the organization of the Republican Party and the Federalist Party. True or False?

True

Leaders of the two political parties were Hamilton of the _____________ Party and Madison and Jefferson of the _______________ Party.

Federalist

Republican

When _____ started to seize American ships, John Jay was sent to negotiate a peaceful agreement.

Great Britain

The United States did not take either side in the French Revolution but adopted a position of strict neutrality. True or False?

True

Jay's Treaty with England was unpopular in the United States because the British did not promise to stop interfering with American ____________.

shipping

Pinckney's Treaty was an agreement between the United States and _____________.

Spain

During its early years, the American government faced the challenges of:

the French Revolution

British seizure of American ships

a treaty with England

a treaty with Spain

When did the French Revolution begin?

1789

Who was not sympathetic about the French Revolution when everybody was?

John Adams

A policy of __________ was necessary when the French Revolution became bloodier.

neutrality

In the spring of 1793, France sent a special envoy to America, ___________________.

Edmond Charles Genet

How did Genet present himself to America?

Citizen Genet to emphasize his democratic values

What were the things Genet was instructed to do?

1. to get the United States to help defend French holdings in the _______________

2. to negotiate a _______________ with America

3. to get America to agree to _____________ on the debt owed to France

4. to gain permission to use _______________ as French naval bases from which they could launch attacks on British vessels

Caribbean

new trade deal

advance payments

American ports

Where did Genet go first when he arrived in America?

Charleston to commission American ships as privateer vessels

What happened when Genet tried to gain support from the American people to help France?

supporters rallied for the President

What are the effects of the Citizen Genet Affair?

1. First, it forced America to make a consistent policy about what their neutrality would look like.

2. Second, it reinforced Jefferson’s frustration with the way Washington was handling relations with France.

In ________________, Jefferson submitted his resignation as ______________.

December 1793

Secretary of State

The chief threat to America's neutrality came from _________.

Great Britain

America’s first issue with Britain had to do with the way it was using its ___________.

powerful navy

A second grievance was that the British still occupied forts along the northwestern boundary of the United States, which violated the _______________.

Treaty of Paris

In 1794, he sent _____________________ to England to seek an agreement with the British government.

John Jay, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Jay obtained an agreement with Great Britain, the _____________________, more commonly referred to as ________.

Treaty of Amity Commerce and Navigation

Jay’s Treaty

When was Jay’s Treaty’s approved?

1795

Jay’s Treaty was important for two reasons:

It marked this country's first use of negotiation to settle an international dispute

It prepared the way for settlement of America's long border dispute with Spain.

The Spanish government was afraid that the United States, with its British troubles settled, might threaten the safety of ____________________.

Spanish Florida or Louisiana

Late in 1795 therefore, __________________ was sent to conclude a treaty with Spain.

Thomas Pinckney

What did the Pinckney’s Treaty do?

1. fixed the boundary between the ___________ and ______________ at the thirty-first parallel

2. it guaranteed navigation rights on the _____________ to American citizens.

3. granted the use of _________________ as a "port of deposit," where American goods could be transferred from riverboats to ocean-going vessels without payment of regular duties.

United States

West Florida

Mississippi

New Orleans

As Washington's second term ended, he looked forward to retirement at his home, _________________.

Mount Vernon in Northern Virginia

What did Washington’s Farewell Address warn the American citizens about?

evils of sectional jealousy

baneful effects of the spirit of party

Washington emphasized the need for continued _____________ and urged the country "to steer clear of _______________ with any portion of the foreign world."

neutrality

permanent alliances

As the ________________ drew near, the rivalry between the Federalists and the Republicans became more intense.

election of 1796

Who did the Federalist want to be President and Vice President?

John Adams for the Presidency

Thomas Pinckney for the Vice-Presidency

Who did the Republicans want for President and Vice President?

Thomas Jefferson for President and Aaron Burr for Vice President

Factions had been developing within the Federalist party due to increasingly bitter personal disagreements between ____________________.

Hamilton and Adams

The more extreme Federalists who followed Hamilton were known as ________________.

Hamiltonians

Where was Pinckney from?

South Carolina

Who became President and Vice President and how many votes each?

Adams for President by seventy-one electoral votes

Jefferson for Vice President with sixty-eight votes

John Adams was a man of _________ and absolute __________, never swerving from what he believed to be right.

ability

honesty

Who nominated George Washington to lead the Continental Army?

John Adams

The French thought ____________ showed Americans more friendly to Britain than to France.

Jay’s Treaty

To avoid war with France, John Adams followed Washington's example, and sent three men to arrange a treaty with the French government. Who are these three men?

Elbridge Gerry

Charles Coatsworth Pickney

John Marshall

Who was the French Foreign Minister?

Marquis de Talleyrand

The three American men were greeted by three representatives that demanded a "gift" of _______________ before Talleyrand would even talk about a treaty.

250,000 dollars

Where did the XYZ Affair get its name?

The three representatives sent a letter of the French’s response to their coming. When the Democratic-Republicans demanded Adams to share the contents of the letters, he gave it to them but changed the representatives names to X, Y, and Z.

Adams advocated for the formation of a ____ for the potential war against France.

navy

In _______, he signed a congressional act establishing the _______ and commissioned the building of several naval vessels.

April 1789

US Navy

The United States provided aid to ______________, the formerly enslaved leader of the Haitian Revolution, for his fight against France.

Toussaint L’Overture

The conflict between US and France that never became a war was called:

the Quasi-War

Disagreement over the issue of war came to a head in a fight on the floor of congress between Vermont representative, _______________ and Connecticut representative, ________________.

Matthew Lyon

Roger Griswold

Progression of Griswold and Lyon’s fight:

1. Earlier in the session, Griswold insulted Lyon during a floor debate and Lyon retaliated by _________ in Griswold’s face.

2. Several weeks later, after a vote to censure Lyon for his actions failed, Griswold attacked Lyons, hitting him with his ________. Lyons responded by attacking Griswold with a _________________.

spitting tobacco juice

cane

pair of fireplace tongs

Adams’s ______________ was the high point of his presidency, earning him praise from around the country.

handling of the XYZ affair

Many of the ________________ in the 1790s joined the Republican Party.

immigrants

What were four controversial measures that the Federalist forced through Congress?

1. the Naturalization Act

2. the Alien Act

3. the Alien Enemies Act

4. the Sedition Act

What did the Naturalization Act do?

required a foreigner to live in the United States for fourteen years, rather than for five years, before he could become a citizen and vote

What did the Alien Act do?

permitted the President to deport aliens whom he judged "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States."

What did the Alien Enemies Act do?

permitted the President to imprison or deport dangerous aliens in time of war.

What did the Sedition Act do?

authorized fines up to $5,000 and imprisonment for as long as five years for anyone who tried to hinder the operation of the government

The Sedition Act was aimed specifically at ___________.

Republican newspapers

Who was the first person to be tried and jailed under the Sedition Act?

Matthew Lyon

Which act was denounced for violating freedom of speech and the press?

Alien and Sedition Acts

The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, made in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts:

claimed that the states could nullify any actions by the federal government that they judged unconstitutional

Led by Madison and Jefferson, the Republicans attacked the whole Federalist program, which was composed of:

Hamilton's financial policy

loose interpretation of the Constitution

the growing centralization of government

increased taxes

failure to reduce the debt

the money spent on the army and navy.

The press played a vital role in the election of _____.

1800

Hamilton published a pamphlet ridiculing Adams and describing him as _____________, _____, and _____ for office. Attacks toward Jefferson focused on his perceived lack of _____________.

weak-minded

vain

unfit

religious faith

The __________ candidates lost the election of 1800.

Federalist

Who voted the last vote that made Jefferson the next president?

Hamilton

What did the Twelfth Amendment do?

allowed the electors to cast separate ballots for President and Vice President.

During the closing days of Adams' administration, Congress passed a _____________ establishing several new positions for judges.

Judiciary Act

Where did “Midnight Judges” get its name?

Adams stayed until midnight the day before the election, signing the paperwork for judicial appointments.

The greatest action Adams took to preserve Federalist principles was the appointment of _______________ as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

John Marshall

Identification:

1. stated that a foreigner had to live in the United States fourteen years to become a citizen

2. forced through Congress by the Federalists

3. permitted the president to deport aliens whom he judged "dangerous"

4. permitted the president to imprison or deport dangerous aliens in time of war

5. was an effort to preserve Federalist principles

6. authorized fines up to $5,000 and imprisonment for hindering the government

1. Naturalization Act

2. Alien and Sedition Acts

3. Alien Act

4. Alien Enemies Act

5. Judiciary Act

6. Sedition Act

The XYZ Affair was an attempt by the United States to negotiate a peaceful agreement with what country?

France

A separate vote for president and vice president was required by the _____ Amendment to the Constitution.

Twelfth