Chemistry 4.4

Families of Organic Compounds

organic chemistry

chemistry dealing with molecules that contain carbon (organic compounds)

functional group

an atom, a group of atoms, or bond that gives the molecule a particular set of chemical properties.

hydrocarbons

compounds only containing carbon and hydrogen atoms

four families of hydrocarbons

alkane, alkene, alkyne, and aromatic

alkane

all single bonds

alkene

at least one double bond

alkyne

at least one triple bond

aromatic

ring with alternating single/double bond

heteroatom

any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen

functional groups with single bonds to oxygen

alcohols and ethers

alcohols

have an -OH group attached to an alkane-type carbon

ethers

have a C-O-C linkage (all single bonds)

functional groups containing nitrogen

amines

amines

have a nitrogen atom directly attached to at least one carbon atom

families containing halogens (group 7)

alkyl halides

alkyl halides

a halogen atom that is attached to an alkane-type carbon atom

families containing double bonds to oxygen

carbonyl (C=O bond)

carbonyl

not a functional group —> part of other functional groups

families containing a carbonyl

ketones and aldehyde

ketones

a carbonyl group attached to two other carbon atoms

aldehyde

a carbonyl group attached to at least one hydrogen atom

more families containing a carbonyl

carboxylic acid, ester, and amide

carboxylic acid

a carbonyl group is attached to an -OH and a alkane-type carbon

ester

a carbonyl group is attached to an -OC and an alkane-type carbon

amide

a carbonyl group is attached to a nitrogen and an alkane-type carbon