INORGANIC CHEM P1

Group I-A: Alkali Metals

• The MOST REACTIVE metals

• BASIC oxides, anhydrides

• Alkali metals + HALOGENS → salt

• Melting point DECREASES with atomic number

Group I-A: Alkali Metals

Valence e- of 1

Group I-A: Alkali Metals

Oxidation state:

+1

Group I-A: Alkali Metals

Members: HLiNaKRbCsFr (Hali na kayo Rb, Cs, Fr)

Hydrogen - is not a metal; it is a gas

Lithium

Sodium

Potassium

Rubidium

Cesium

Francium

NH4 (ammonium) - hypothetical alkali metal

Melting Points of Alkali Metals

• Li – 186°C - melts above 100*C

• Na – 97.5°C

• K – 62.3°C

• Rb – 38.4°C

• Cs – 28.5°C

• Fr – 27°C

Hydrogen (H)

• AKA: INFLAMMABLE AIR (IF EXPOSED TO AIR, IT WILL REACT AND LILIYAB)

• LIGHTEST element

• Most abundant element in the UNIVERSE

Hydrogen (H)

Production:

• MESSERCHMIDT Process (produces 99% pure Hydrogen)

• LANE Process

Hydrogen (H)

Storage:

• RED CYLINDER

Hydrogen (H)

Industrial Uses:

• HABER PROCESS (Production of Ammonia)

• Hydrogenation of oils (Vegetable oil undergo this process to produce margarine; Unsaturated oils or fatty acids or alkenes if it undergoes hydrogenation it will be Saturated) - breaking of bonds then adding back hydrogen

• Inflating ballons

Haber Process

an industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen

Hydrogenation of Oils

~ Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats.

~ Vegetable oils are unsaturated (have double bonds).

~ During hydrogenation, double bonds break.

~ Hydrogen atoms are added to those broken bonds.

~ This turns the oil into a saturated fat, making it more solid (like margarine).

Isotopes of Hydrogen

• Protium (¹H)

• Deuterium (²H)

• Tritium (³H)

Protium (¹H)

Mass #: 1

Atomic #: 1

Neutrons: 0

MOST ABUNDANT AND MOST STABLE ISOTOPE OF H

Deuterium (²H)

Mass #: 1

Atomic #: 2

Neutrons: 1

HEAVY ISOTOPE OF H; CAN BE SEEN AT HEAVY WATER D2O

Tritium (³H)

Mass #: 1

Atomic #: 3

Neutrons: 2

RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE OF H

Water (H₂O)

• Universal SOLVENT

• PURIFIED WATER, USP – must be labeled “purified water” and the method of preparation must be stated on the label

Deuterium oxide (D₂O)

- HEAVY WATER

- Solvent in NMR SPECTROSCOPY

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)

AGUA OXIGENADA

• Antiseptic for VINCENT'S STOMATITIS (severe gingivitis)

• Overuse → HAIRY TONGUE SYNDROME

C. Purified water USP

Which of the following pharmaceutical products requires that the method of preparation must be reflected in the label?

• A. Sterile water for injection USP

• B. Bacteriostatic water for injection USP

• C. Purified water USP

• D. Milk of magnesia

Lithium (Li)

• Greek word LITHOS, meaning “stones”

• LIGHTEST metal (0.534 g/ml)

- 3RD lightest ELEMENT

• Melts above 100*C

• Treatment for MANIA, BIPOLAR DISORDER

- NARROW THERAPEUTIC INDEX

Lithium (Li)

Adverse Effects:

• TREMORS - most common neurological effect

• Nephrogenic Diabetic Insipidus

• Pregnancy problems - Ebstein's Anomaly (problem in the baby's heart; tricuspid valve - nagkakaroon ng backflow)

Compounds of Lithium

• Lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃)

• Lithium bromide (LiBr)

Lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃)

• Treatment of BIPOLAR DISORDER/MANIA/MENTAL PROB

• Eskalith®

• Lithane®

• Quilonum-R®

Lithium bromide (LiBr)

~ SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC (BROMIDE IN GENERAL IS SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC)

• 5 bromide elixirs: NH₄, Na, K, Li, Ca (NH4 NaK LiCa)

• 3 bromide elixirs: NH₄, Na, K (NH4 NaK)

C. Lithium

Means "stones"

• A. Sodium

• B. Potassium

• C. Lithium

• D. Ammonium

A. Lithium

The only alkali metal that melts above the boiling point of water is _________.

• A. Lithium

• B. Sodium

• C. Potassium

• D. Rubidium

C. Lithium

Which of the following is used for the treatment of bipolar disease?

• A. Manganese

• B. Selenium

• C. Lithium

• D. Iron

C. Li₂CO₃

Which of the following substances is employed in the treatment of mental disorders?

• A. MgSO₄

• B. K₂CrO₇

• C. Li₂CO₃

• D. NaHCO₃

Sodium (Na)

natrium

• Most abundant EXTRACELLULAR CATION

• CATION OF CHOICE to optimize pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments

• Chlorides and Nitrates of Sodium + cobalt-uranyl acetate T.S → GOLDEN YELLOW PPT

Sodium bicarbonate - NaHCO₃

BAKING SODA

• Production: SOLVAY PROCESS

• DOC for SYSTEMIC ACIDOSIS

• Adverse Effects: REBOUND HYPERACIDITY, EMESIS , ALKALOSIS

• CI: HYPERTENSIVE PX (because it has sodium)

add:

~ Used in Effervescent Tablets with Citric Acid and Tartaric Acid

Denige's test

test to differentiate tartaric & citric acid

Citric Acid - Carmine Red

Tartaric Acid - Emerald Green

Sodium bisulfite - NaHSO₃

• Antioxidant

Sodium carbonate - Na₂CO₃

Forms:

• Anhydrous: SODA ASH

• Dihydrate: TRONA

• Decahydrate: SAL SODA/WASHING SODA

ANTACID, CARBONATING AGENT

SODA ASH

Anhydrous sodium carbonate

TRONA

Dihydrate sodium carbonate

Sal soda, washing soda

Na2CO3*10H2O

Sodium carbonate decahydrate

Sodium citrate - Na₃C₆H₅O₇

• In vitro → ANTICOAGULANT (RED)

• In vivo → LAXATIVE

Sodium chloride - NaCl

ROCK SALT/TABLE SALT/SOLAR SALT

• Electrolyte replenisher

• ORAL REHYDRATION SALT - a dry mixture of sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate or sodium citrate, potassium chloride and dextrose, used to treat chronic diarrhea

• Used to correct ACUTE METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

Sodium fluoride - NaF

• 2% → Anticariogenic agent

• Adverse Effect → DENTAL FLUOROSIS (MOTTLED ENAMEL)

Sodium hydroxide - NaOH

CAUSTIC SODA

• Deliquescent substance - liquify

• Saponifying agent → HARD soap (So Hard)

Sodium hypochlorite - NaOCl

DISINFECTANT AND BLEACHING AGENT

• Dakin's Soln (4–6%)

• Modified Dakin's Soln (0.45–0.5%)

• labarraque's soln (50 parts Dakin’s Solution + 50 parts H₂O)

Sodium iodide - NaI

SOLUBILIZER for Iodine solution and tincture

Sodium metabisulfite - Na₂S₂O₅

Antioxidant for EPINEPHRINE injection

Sodium nitrate - NaNO₃

~ CHILE SALTPETER (CHINA)

~ OLDEST inorganic fertilizer, MEAT Preservative

Sodium phosphate - Na₃PO₄

• Monobasic Sodium Phosphate → activation of METHENAMINE (Urinary antiseptic - will be formaldehyde; active form)

• Tribasic Sodium Phosphate → CLEANING of VOLUMETRIC APPARATUS

Sodium sulfate - Na₂SO₄

~ GLAUBER'S SALT

~ Saline laxative

Sodium tartrate - Na₂C₄H₄O₆

Primary standard for KFR (Karl Fischer Reagent - water content determination)

PIMS KFR

Pyridine

Iodine

Methanol

Sulfur Dioxide

Sodium thiosulfate - Na₂S₂O₃

• Hypochlor/Photographer's Hypo

~ Antidote for cyanide poisoning

• MOA → Enhances the conversion of CYANIDE to THIOCYANATE (which is excretable form)

• Reduces Iodine → TRITRANT IN IODOMETRY

Cases of Cyanide Poisoning

~ Exists in 3 states of matter S, L, G

1. Smoke inhalation

2. Suicide

3. Medicine (uncommon; Na nitroprusside)

4. Industrial Exposure

5. Cyanophore (cassava, apple seed)

Cyanide

~ Cyanide binds strongly to cytochrome oxidase

~ This blocks cellular respiration, preventing cells from using oxygen to make ATP.

~ Without ATP, cells die, especially in high-energy organs (like the brain and heart).

---

~ Cyanide loves to bind to ferric ions (Fe³⁺).

~ Methemoglobin (MetHgb) contains Fe³⁺, which can act as a "decoy" to trap cyanide.

~ Cyanide binds to MetHgb, forming cyanomethemoglobin, reducing its ability to bind to cytochrome oxidase.

Antidotes for Cyanide Poisoning: Antidote Kit

A. Amyl Nitrite - inhaled - PHYSIOLOGIC ANTIDOTE

B. Sodium Nitrite - IV - PHYSIOLOGIC ANTIDOTE

C. Sodium Thiosulfate - IV - CHEMICAL ANTIDOTE

1. Amyl nitrite (inhaled) or sodium nitrite (IV) is given.

- These oxidize hemoglobin (Fe²⁺) to methemoglobin (Fe³⁺).

2. Cyanide binds to the new MetHgb instead of the enzyme → forming cyanomethemoglobin.

3. Sodium thiosulfate is then given.

- Converts cyanomethemoglobin → thiocyanate, a non-toxic compound.

4. Thiocyanate is excreted in urine.

Other Antidotes for Cyanide Poisoning

• Methylene Blue

→ Antidote for methemoglobinemia

→ Converts Methemoglobin (Fe³⁺) back to Hemoglobin (Fe²⁺)

→ Restores oxygen-carrying capacity

• Hydroxocobalamin

→ Antidote of choice for cyanide poisoning

→ Very safe, minimal side effects→ Binds directly to cyanide → forms cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) → excreted in urine

additional note:

- Hemoglobin (Hgb) → Methemoglobin (MetHgb) (Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺)

- MetHgb + CN → Cyanomethemoglobin (CyanoMetHgb)

- Sodium thiosulfate helps convert CyanoMetHgb → Thiocyanate (non-toxic, excreted)

- Hydroxocobalamin binds CN directly → Cyanocobalamin

B. NaHCO₃

Drug of choice to combat systemic acidosis:

• A. KHCO₃

• B. NaHCO₃

• C. Na₂CO₃

• D. K₂CO₃

D. NaHCO₃ & CaCO₃

Antacids that cause "rebound" hyperacidity are:

• A. Mg(OH)₂ & Al(OH)₂

• B. Na₂S₂O₃ & MgSO₄

• C. Na₂CO₃

• D. NaHCO₃ & CaCO₃

D. NaCl

Table salt

• A. NaOH

• B. Na₂SO₄

• C. NaNO₃

• D. NaCl

D. Sodium chloride

Which among the following salts is used as an electrolyte replenisher in dehydration?

• A. Sodium carbonate

• B. Sodium iodine

• C. Sodium sulfate

• D. Sodium chloride

A. NaCl

Which of the following will be used to correct acute metabolic alkalosis?

• A. NaCl

• B. NaHCO₃

• C. CaCl₂

• D. KCl

C. NaNO₃

Chile saltpeter is _____.

• A. KNO₃

• B. KNO₂

• C. NaNO₃

• D. NaNO₂

D. Sodium sulfate

Glauber's salt

• A. Sodium hydroxide

• B. Magnesium sulfate

• C. Ammonium carbonate

• D. Sodium sulfate

A. Enhances the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate

Which of the following would be the mechanism of action of sodium thiosulfate to counteract the effects of cyanide?

• A. Enhances the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate

• B. Combines with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin

• C. Neutralization through chelation

• D. Competitive antagonism

C. Sodium thiosulfate

Which of the following reduces iodine?

• A. Sodium hydroxide

• B. Magnesium sulfate

• C. Sodium thiosulfate

• D. Potassium iodine

C. A and B

It is a dry mixture of sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate or sodium citrate, potassium chloride, and dextrose, used to treat chronic diarrhea.

• A. Oral Rehydration Salts

• B. Electrolyte Powder

• C. A and B

• D. None of these

Potassium (K)

kalium

- important in smooth muscle contraction

• Most abundant INTRACELLULAR CATION

• Deficiency: Hypokalemia - Muscle Paralysis

• Toxicity: Hyperkalemia - Cardiac Arrest

Potassium bicarbonate

- KHCO₃

Antacid

Potassium Supplement

Potassium bitartrate

- KHC₄H₄O₆

Cream of Tartar

Saline Laxative

Potassium carbonate

- K₂CO₃

Salt of Tartar, Salt of Wormwood, Pearl Ash

Potassium chloride

- KCl

Contraindicated ROA → IV PUSH

Administer only via slow IV infusion

ORANGE LABEL - HIGH ALERT MED - LETHAL INJ

Potassium citrate

- K₃C₆H₅O₇

ACALKA ® → prevention of Kidney Stones

Potassium diformate

- KC₂H₃O₄

VETERINARY MEDICINE → Strong antimicrobial agent

Potassium hydroxide

- KOH

CASUTIC POTASH

• Saponifying agent → SOFT soap

• Determination of KOETTSDORFER NUMBER (SAPONIFICATION VALUE)

Potassium iodide

- KI

SOLUBILIZER for Strong Iodine solution and tincture

Potassium nitrate

- KNO₃

SALTPETER; Salitre

Meat Preservative

Potassium permanganate

-KMnO₄

MINERAL CHAMELEON

• STRONG OXIDIZING agent

• TITRANT and INDICATOR in Permanganometric titration

Potassium sodium tartrate

- KNaC₄H₄O₆

ROCHELLE SALT, SAL VOLATILE

Use - SALINE LAXATIVE, CATHARTIC, PRESERVATIVE, AND SEQUESTERING AGENT

Sulfurated Potash

• Potassium THIOSULFATE + Potassium POLYSULFIDE (K₂S₂O₃ · K₂Sₓ)

• Preparation of WHITE LOTION, USP

A. Potassium bitartrate

Cream of tartar is known chemically as:

• A. Potassium bitartrate

• B. Sodium bitartrate

• C. Sodium carbonate

• D. Potassium nitrate

B. Rapid IV injection (IV PUSH)

Potassium supplements are administered in all of the following manners except:

• A. IV infusion

• B. Rapid IV injection

• C. Elixir PO

• D. Effervescent salts

D. Strong anti-microbial

Identify the use of Potassium diformate in veterinary medicine:

• A. Anti-acidic agent

• B. Anti-parasitic agent

• C. Sedative

• D. Strong anti-microbial

D. Potassium nitrate

What is saltpeter?

• A. Calcium nitrate

• B. Magnesium nitrate

• C. Sodium nitrate

• D. Potassium nitrate

B. KMnO₄

Mineral chameleon is the synonym of the powerful oxidizing agent:

• A. NaI

• B. KMnO₄

• C. MnO₂

• D. KNO₃

B. Diuretic

The following items are uses of Rochelle salt, EXCEPT:

• A. Cathartic

• B. Diuretic

• C. Sequestering agent

• D. Preservative

Cesium (Cs)

First element to be discovered by SPECTROSCOPY

Francium (Fr)

Most METALLIC and least ELECTRONEGATIVE element

B. Cesium

The first element discovered by means of spectroscope:

• A. Rubidium

• B. Cesium

• C. Technetium

• D. NOTA

Ammonium (NH₄⁺)

• HYPOTHETIC alkali metal / PSEUDO-ALAKLI

• Production: HABER PROCESS

Properties:

• BUFFER

• EXPECTORANT

• ANTI CARIOGENIC

• DIURETIC

Ammonium acetate

- NH₄CH₃COO

SPIRIT OF MINDERERUS (SPIRIT OF MIND TO ACE)

- USED AS STYPTIC - if used on wound, it will stop the bleeding

Ammonium carbonate

- (NH₄)₂CO₃

BAKER'S AMMONIA, SAL VOLATILE, PRESTON SALT, HEARTSHORN (Sal Hearts Preston's Baking)

- EXPECTORANT

- Basis for smelling salts

Ammonium chloride

- NH₄Cl

Muriate of Ammonia, Sal Ammoniac

- URINARY ANTISEPTIC, DIURETIC, AND EXPECTORANT

16° Ammonia / Household Ammonia

Contains 10% ammonia