Cognitive (ADHD, Downs) Questions

A nurse is providing care to a 6-year-old child. The child's guardian asks about ADHD diagnosis and treatment disparities. Which of the following statements about the diagnosis and treatment disparities is accurate?

"ADHD is more prevalent in males than females, leading to a higher rate of diagnosis among boys."

"Black and Latino children are more likely to be diagnosed and receive treatment for ADHD compared to other racial groups."

"ADHD manifestations typically appear after the age of 12, making it difficult to diagnose in childhood."

"ADHD diagnosis and treatment disparities may result in underrepresentation and undertreatment among certain demographic groups."

"ADHD diagnosis and treatment disparities may result in underrepresentation and undertreatment among certain demographic groups."

This statement made by the nurse acknowledges the disparities in ADHD diagnosis and treatment, particularly among demographic groups such as Black and Latino children who may be less likely to receive appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

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While it's true that ADHD is diagnosed more frequently in males, the higher diagnosis rate is attributed to the more frequent externalizing behaviors exhibited by boys, not because the disorder is inherently more prevalent in males.

A nurse is providing education to a pregnant client regarding screening tests for Down syndrome. Which of the following statement(s) should the nurse include when explaining the purpose and limitations of these tests? (Select all that apply.)

"Screening tests for Down syndrome include a combination of blood tests and ultrasounds performed during the first trimester for pregnant clients considered at risk."

"For pregnant clients not considered at risk, blood tests alone are recommended between the 16th and 18th week of pregnancy to screen for Down syndrome."

"An ultrasound in the first trimester looks for fluid behind the neck and absence of the nasal bone as potential markers for Down syndrome."

"Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MS-AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and estriol are measured in the triple screen test for Down syndrome."

"The quad screen test includes the triple screen components plus the measurement of inhibin-A to assess the risk of Down syndrome."

"For pregnant clients not considered at risk, blood tests alone are recommended between the 16th and 18th week of pregnancy to screen for Down syndrome," is correct. For pregnant clients not considered at risk, blood tests alone are recommended between the 16th and 18th week of pregnancy for screening purposes.

"An ultrasound in the first trimester looks for fluid behind the neck and absence of the nasal bone as potential markers for Down syndrome," is correct. An ultrasound in the first trimester examines specific markers such as fluid behind the neck and the absence of the nasal bone as potential indicators of Down syndrome.

"Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MS-AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and estriol are measured in the triple screen test for Down syndrome," is correct. The triple screen test includes the measurement of MS-AFP, hCG, and estriol to screen for Down syndrome.

"The quad screen tests includes the triple screen components plus the measurement of inhibin-A to assess the risk of Down syndrome," is correct. The quad screen test includes the components of the triple screen test along with the measurement of inhibin-A to further assess the risk of Down syndrome.

"Screening tests for Down syndrome include a combination of blood tests and ultrasounds performed during the first trimester for pregnant clients considered at risk," is incorrect. Screening tests for Down syndrome in the first trimester are not exclusive to pregnant clients considered at risk. Both at-risk and not-at-risk clients may undergo these tests.

A nurse is providing care to a 4-year-old child who has Down syndrome and was brought to the clinic for a follow-up appointment. The health care provider should assess the child for various associated medical conditions. Which of the following assessments should be included in the plan of care? (Select all that apply.)

CBC to screen for leukemia

Audiometry test to assess for hearing disorders

Thyroid function tests to evaluate for hypothyroidism

Bone density scan to monitor for osteoporosis

ECG to detect heart defects

Spirometry to assess lung function

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