Bio High Yield Reactions

Dehydration Reaction vs Hydrolysis

Dehydration = monomers to polymers forming H2O in the process

Hydrolysis = polymers into monomers using H2O

What is the linkage between carbohydrates

glycosdic bonds

What makes up sucrose

glucose and frutose

What is the structure of a steroid

three membered six member ring and 1 five membered ring

What happens in the mitochondria other than ATP prodcution

fatty acid catabolism

Where are perxiosomes

common in the liver and kidney

What is bacteria flagella made out of

flagellin

Is energy released or absorbed in an exergonic reaction

energy is released

What is Km and Vmax when competitive inhibition occurs

Km increases

Vmax stays the same

What is Km and Vmax when noncompetitive inhibition occurs

Km stays the same

Vmax decreases

What is ATP hydrolysis exergonic/endergonic

exergonic reaction

Is water produced after glycosis or Krebs cycle

glycolsis = yes

the krebs cycle = no water in products

What happens to NADH by the ETC

oxidized

What is the final electron acceptor for alcohol fermentation

acetylaldhyde

What happens to lactate after a surplus of ATP is restored

it can be converted back to glucose

What stores lots of glycogen

skeletal muscle and liver

Where is the location of non-cyclic phosphosphoylation

thylakoid membrane

Where is the location of cyclic phosphosphoylation

stroma lamellae

Where is the location of calvin cycle

stroma

Where does photolysis occur

PSII

What enzyme is involved with carbon fixation in the calvin cycle and what is the product

Rubisco

PGA

For reduction in the calvin cycle what happens and what converts it

ATP and NADPH from the light reaction convert PGA into G3P

For regeneration of the calvin cycle what does G3P convert into and how much is left to form glucose

G3P into RuBP to cycle

2 G3P into glucose

Are cardiac cells in Go or replicating

inactive state Go

How do anti-tumor drugs work

act as microtubule inhibition

What is the chiasmata

region where crossing over in genetic recombination occurs

What is a locus

a genes location within a genome

What is Hemizygous

having only one copy of a gene instead of two

What is epistasis

one gene affects the phenotypic expression of an independently inherited gene

What is polygenic inheritance vs pleiotropy inheritance

polygenic inheritance= many genes affect on phenotype

pleiotropy inheritance = one gene affecting many phenotypes

What is penetrance vs expressivity

penetrance = the proportion of the individuals with a genotype that will express geneotype

expressivity = the varation of a phenotype (one finger vs two fingers vs three fingers)

What is Aneuploidy

the occurence of an abnormal number of chromosomes often cause by nondisjunction

X linked dominant rules

affects males and females equally

affected fathers have affected daughter

X-linked recessive rules

males more common than females

affected mothers will affect sons

normal fathers will have normal daughters

What is Colchicine

arrest mitosis by interferring with mitotic spindle formation

What is a proto-oncogenes vs oncogenes

Proto-oncegenes = stimulate normal cell growth

oncegene → mutated proto-oncogene → cancer causing

What are transcription factors

proteins that bind to promoter sequence and other regulatory sequences for transcription

What is the most effective way to prevent a gene from being expressed

delete the promoter region

What is primase

Creates RNA primer that DNA polymerase can use to enlogate from

What is ligase

seals gaps between the Ozazaki fragments

Forward vs Backward mutation

Forward = wildtype allele to mutant allele

Backwards = mutant allele to wildtype allele

What is the Operator

region that can block the action of RNA Polymerase if occupied by represser in bacteria

What plasmid allows a pilus to form

F plasmid

What does presence of lactose do the operon and what reaction happens

induces the operon to produce lactose to breakdown enzymes

activiating

What does the presence of Trp do for its operon

trp represser binds to operon, RNA synthesis is blocked

Genome size vs gene number vs gene denisty

genome size = total number of nucleotide

gene number = sequences of nucleotides that code for a product

gene density = ratio of gene number to genome size

What is the histone tail made out of

lysine amino acids

What happens when a queen bee eats larve

special diet blocks DNA methylation so those genes are now expressed

What are two difference between prokar and eukary genome and gene denisty

prokay lack intros

eukary have a lower gene density than prokary

What is another word for fluorescence lens

confocal

PCR job and three steps

amplify DNA

1. denaturation → high heat separates DNA

2. annealing → cold temp for primers to attach

3. elongation

What is reverse transcriptase used for

synthesis DNA from RNA

can create cDNA

What is DNA sequencing used for

used to determine sequence of base pairs in DNA or RNA molecules

Blotting types and 3 steps and purpose

identify specific fragements of DNA (southern), RNA(northern), proteins(western)

1. electrophoesis to separate

2. transfer to nitrocellulose gel

3. probe is added to hybrize and mark fragment

Microarray assays purpose

monitor the expression of large groups of genes across a genome

What is recombinant DNA what enzyme is used and what does the enzyme create

3 steps

recombinant DNA contains segements of multiple sources

1. restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites called recongination sites

2. sticky ends created and connected by DNA ligase

3. a vector can transfer DNA to another cell

What is vital for gene libraries

recombinant DNA

What does extended use of antibiotics cause that is not resistance

vitamin deficency

Bad bacteria infections

gonorrhea, tubercolsis, leprosy, pnemonia

Where are techonic acids found and what do they do

Gram positive bacteria

increase cell wall flexibility

Where are endospores found and what did they come from

gram negative bacteria

due to presence of LPS which protects membrane from chemical attack

Archaea bacteria histone, introns and organelles?

Yes histones

Yes Introns

No organelles

What is the cell wall comp for Archaea

Pseudomurien

Protists unicellular/mulitcellular, autotrophs/hetertrophs, asex/sex and where are they found

mostly unicellular

autotrophs and hetertrophs

reproduce asexually

moist environments

2 plant-like protist

euglenoids and red algae

Fungi like protist refered to, produce with, chitin?

slime molds, water molds

via spores

no chitin

2 animal like protist examples

amoebas, cillates

What are rhizoids in fungi

small branching hyphae that anchors structures to the ground

Filamentous vs Nonfilamentous fungi: cell, examples, reproduction

Filamentous = multicellular, molds and mushrooms, sex or asex

Nonfilamentous = unicellular, yeast, asexual via budding

Hyphae for fungi

filamentous branches produced by multicellaur fungi

Septate hyphae vs Coenocytic hyphae

Septate = have septa (cell walls that separate hyphae)

Coenocytic = no division of hyphae, multinucelated

Simplest form of plants and where are they found

Tallophytes

aquatic

Do Bryophytes have a plant body or vascular system

what is there dominant phase for reproduction

yes plant body

no vascular system

gemetophyte / haploid

What are three examples of bryophytes

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Do tracheophytes have a plant body or vascular system and what is there dominant reproduction phase

yes plant body

yes vascular system

sporophyte / diploid

What are the two seedless tracheophytes with examples

Pterophytes = horsetail and ferns

lycophytes = club and spike moss

What are the two seed bearing tracheophytes

gymnosperms and angiosperms

Are gametes flagellated for angiospems

no they have non-flagellated male gametes

What are synergid cells in anigosperm lifecycle

what other cell is present for the female anigosperm

help flank the cell and attract/guide pollen tube to the female gemetophyte

antiipodal cells

What is produced after the male microspore undergoes mitosis

pollen/gameophyte

What is ground tissues function

most of metabolic functions

What are the two xylem cells and what do they do

tracheids = long and tapered, water passes laterally from one to another through pits

vessel elements = short and wide, have little to no taper at ends, perforations allow for H2O to pass from one vessel to another

What is phloem made out of

sieve tube members

Endosperm vs Cotyledons

endosperm - primary storage

cotyledons - transfers nutrients from endosperm to embryo

What is palisade mesophyl

has cells with chloroplasts and is the primary site for leaf photosynthesis

Vascular bundles hold and are surround by

consists of xylem and pholem

surronded by bundle shealth cells

What is epidermis function in plants

reduce transpiration

What is spongy mesophyll in plants

intracellular spaces allows for gas exchange

What is desiccation

water loss

Ethylene gas function

promotes fruit ripening, flower production and lead absicission

Abscisic Acid function

inhibits growth and promotes seed dormacy

plant hormone cytokinins function

stimulates cytokinese (cell divsion)

Gibberellins function

promotes flower and stem elongation

Auxin function

influences plants reponse to light and gravity to stimulate growth/elongation

Sheath vs tail fibers of a virus

Sheath = helps eject viral DNA

Tail fiber = help with recongination and attachment

What is a latent viral infection in humans

intermediate phases of high and low loads after inital acute

years to lifetime

What are three ways bacteria defend against viruses

cell surface mutations

restriction enzymes

CRISPER-Cas System → cuts out viral genomes

How is the diaphragm controlled

phrenic nerve

Where are the perpheral chemorecepetors found and what do they do

aorta and carotid arerties

moniter CO2, O2 and H+

What does lymph start as

blood plasma