I wanna KMS (psych)

Personality

Unique attitudes, behaviors and emotions that characterize a person. There are many different perspectives on how personality is shaped/determined.

Type A Personality

People with Type A personality tend to feel a sense of time pressure and are typically easily angered and have a higher chance of heart conditions. Competitive and ambitious. Work hard, play hard.

Type B Personality

Almost the opposite of type A personality. People with this kind of personality are relaxed and easygoing and levelheaded in stressful/difficult situations

Stage theory

Theories in which development is thought to be discontinuous-meaning that stages are seen as recognizably different from each other. An example of this would be Freud's Psychosexual stage theory which has five stages-oral, anal, phallic, "latency" (Some dont consider a stage), and genital. The picture also shows Piaget's stages of development.

Freud's psychosexual stage theory

Freud believed that one's personality was set by early childhood. His theory is a stage theory meaning stages are noticeably different from each other and once a person reaches the next stage, they cannot revert to the stage before. The stages proceed as follows:
Oral Stage (0-1), Anal Stage (1-3),Phallic Stage (3-5)
Latency Stage(6-Puberty)
Adult Genital Stage(Puberty-Death)
A good mnemonic device for this is Orangatangs Always
Play with
Little
Apes

Freud also suggests that fixation in stages can occur in the first 3 stages, explained in picture.

Oedipus Complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

Electra Complex

counterpart to the Oedipus complex for females,
Conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

Unconscious

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. In hypnosis,
a state of being unaware and unable to respond to any stimuli including pain

Id

Pleasure principle of Freud's psychoanalysis, developed first in babies, is present from birth

Ego

According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.
In Freudian psychoanalysis, the ego is the part of the unconscious mind that mediates the urges of the id and superego;

Superego

In Freud's theory, the moral aspect of mental functioning comprising the ego ideal (what a person would ideally like to be) and the conscience and taught by parents and society.
Part of the personality that acts as a moral center.

Defense Mechanisms

mental processes that protect individuals from strong or stressful emotions and situations. Most important types of defense mechanisms are shown in picture.

Penis Envy

Refers to the theorized reaction of a girl during her psychosexual development to the realization that she does not have a penis. Freud considered this realization a defining moment in the development of gender and sexual identity for women.

Womb Envy

Horney's counterpart to penis envy of Freudian theory; male's desire to procreate.

Karen Horney

neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety"

Personal unconscious

According to Jung, the level of awareness that houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten.
Jung's term for that portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to the Freudian id.

Collective Unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history, or a shared storehouse of primitive ideas and images that reside in the unconscious and are inherited from our ancestors.

Complexes

Described by Jung as patterns of emotions and memories with common themes in the personal unconscious

Archetypes (Personality)

In Jung's theory, the emotionally charged ideas and images that are rich in meaning and symbolism and exist within the collective unconscious. Jung's view of archetypes in collective unconscious in picture, not necessary for AP Exam but interesting.

Trait theorists

believed that we can describe peoples personalities by specifying their main characteristics or traits. Hans Eyesenck believed that by classifying all people along an introversion-extraversion scale and a stable-unstable scale, we could describe peoples personalities. Raymond Cattell developed the 16 Personality Factor test to measure what he believed were the 16 basic traits present in all people to different degrees. Big 5 Model and Factor Analysis are also part of trait theories. Also Allport, see picture and Allport flashcard.

Big Five Traits

five traits that account for a great deal of human personality differences: openness to new experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism/emotional stability.
A good mneumonic for this is
Openness
Concienciousness
Extraversion
Agreeablness
Neuroticism.
For descriptions of big 5 traits see picture

Factor Analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.

Idiographic Theorists

Assert that using the same set of terms to classify all people is impossible, rather they argue that each person needs to be seen in terms of what few traits best characterize his or her unique self.

Heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
The closer the heretability relation is to 0 the more a personality trait is due to the enviornment. The closer the heretability relation is to 1 the more a personality is due to genes and genetics.

Temperament

Genetic predisposition to respond in particular ways to one's physical and social environments. Another way to look at this is that in an AP question that asks what Temperament is most strongly related to, which it typically will, environment would be the correct answer.

Somatotype theory

William Sheldon's theory that said our body type influenced our personality; included endomorphs (fat) who were friendly and outgoing; mesomorphs (muscular) who were confident and assertive; ectomorphs (thin) who were shy and secretive; theory not considered scientifically valid today.

Triadic reciprocality/reciprocal determinism

3 factors that interact: 1) thoughts and expectations, 2) our behavior, 3) our environment. Proposed by Albert Bandura, a social-cognitivist.

Self-Efficacy

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
Refers to one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes, Those with high levels for a particular task are more likely to succeed than those with low levels

Internal locus of Control

the perception that one controls one's own fate. Examples of questions you may see regarding this important concept:

Logan is an entrepreneur who takes personal responsibility for the success or failure of his actions rather than believing in luck or fate. Which characteristic best describes Logan's entrepreneurial philosophy?
According to Rotter's social learning theory, people who feel that they are in control of their own lives, and who believe that effort, care, and persistence pays off have what locus of control?
Picture shows a good example of the difference between internal and external locuses of control

External locus of Control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
According to Rotter, the belief that some individuals hold, that is what happens to them may be largely determined by fate, luck, or the actions of others

Self-Concept

a sense of one's identity and personal worth. Not necessarily positive.

Self-esteem

how much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself

Self-actualization

according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

Unconditional Positive regard

The acceptance and appreciation of an individual, faults and all. This was proposed by humanist Carl Rogers and is a critical component of client-centered therapy. Does not apply to murderers or people with severe anti social tendencies aka serial killers, robbers, criminals, etc. Typically regards the relationship between parent and child, less often with spouse and spouse.

Conditional positive regard

In Roger's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to caregivers or others with relationship w/ individual; conditional love or acceptance.

Projective tests

Devices or instruments used to assess personality, in which examinees are shown a standard set of ambiguous stimuli and asked to respond to the stimuli in their own way.

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. In picture, according to the TAT, how people interpret the scene can project how people think about situations.

Self Report Inventories

questionanaires that ask people to provide info about themselves; many different kinds of pyschologists use self reports inventories as one means by which to gather data about some one; MMPI is one of the most widely used self report instruments. In picture, example of self report inventory.

MMPI-2

A widely used personality assessment instrument that gives scores on ten important clinical traits. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 2nd. Edition

Validity

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

Reliability

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting,
Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings.

Barnum Effect

Acceptance of stock, positive descriptions, The tendency to consider a personal description accurate if it is stated in very general terms, or
People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality.

Sigmund Freud

1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
Father of psychoanalysis

Nancy Chodorow

in the mid-70s, she was one of the first to speak out against the masculine bias found in psychoanalytic theory (including gender stereotyping, male-imposed standards, and the devaluation of feminine qualities).

Carl Jung

1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation
2 layers of unconscious. Personal unconscious: material that has been forgotten and not in conscious awareness. Collective unconscious: human race shares this. storehouse of latent memories inherited from ancestral past

Alfred Adler

1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes, style of life, inferiority/superiority complexes, childhood influences personality formation; Studies: Birth Order.

Inferiority Complex

Adler's conception of a basic feeling of inadequacy stemming from childhood experiences,
feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings.
According to Adler, a feeling of helplessness and insecurity that results form constant criticism and repeated failure.

Superiority Complex

To Adler, superiority was a means of inflating one's self-importance in order to overcome inferiority feelings.
you believe that the ethnic group you belong to is better than other groups, also called in-group bias.

Birth Order

Adler identified five psychological positions from which children tend to view life: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only. Actual birth order itself is less important than a person's interpretation of his or her place in the family.

Hans Eyesenck

trait theorist: classifying people along the lines of introversion and extraversion and stable vs unstable could describe personality.
heritability of intelligence, more specifically his view that racial differences in intelligence could be partially attributed to genetic factors. (extraversion vs introversion

Raymond Cattell

16 source traits (most fundamental dimensions of personality), surface traits

Paul Costa

psychologist associated with the five-factor model of personality, worked with Robert McCrae

Robert McCrae

proposed that personality can be described using the big five personality traits with Paul Costa

Gordon Allport

1897-1967; Field: trait theory of personality; Contributions: list of 11,000 traits, 3 levels of traits-cardinal, central, and secondary
1. cardinal trait- dominant trait that characterizes your life, 2. central trait- common to all, 3. Secondary- Allport's term for specific traits that influence behavior in relatively few situations

Hippocrates

In relation to psychology, had four main trait types, sanguine (enthusiastic, active, and social), choleric (short-tempered, fast, or irritable), melancholic (analytical, wise, and quiet), and phlegmatic (relaxed and peaceful).

William Sheldon

1898-1977; Field: personality; Contributions: theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment: endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), and ectomorphic (skinny)

BF Skinner

1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box
Operant conditioning
pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.

Skinner box

Named for its developer, B.F. Skinner, a box that contains a responding mechanism and a device capable of delivering a consequence to an animal in the box whenever it makes the desired response

Albert Bandura

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play
1925-present; Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning, stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play

George Kelly

Personal construct theory of personality- people develop their own, individual systems of personal constructs. Such constructs consist of pairs of opposites such as fair-unfair, smart-dumb, and exciting-dull. People then use these constructs to evaluate their worlds.

Julian Rotter

Describes his social learning theory as expectancy reinforcement of developed constructs. Learning situations are inextricably fused with needs requiring satisfaction through mediation by other.
locus of control theory- extent to which people believe that their successes and failures are due to their own efforts influences personality

Abraham Maslow

1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence

Carl Rogers

1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person.
humanistic psychology who founded client-centered therapy

Insane

a legal term used to describe people who, because of a psychological disorder, cannot be held fully responsible for their crime. In some cases used by laymen to describe others who may or may not have psychological disabilities.

DMS-V

the fifth version of the DSM series. Has 5 AXES
Axis I refers broadly to the principal disorder that needs immediate attention; e.g., a major depressive episode, an exacerbation of schizophrenia, or a flare-up of panic disorder. It is usually (though not always) the Axis I disorder that brings the person "through the office door."

Axis II lists any personality disorder that may be shaping the current response to the Axis I problem. Axis II also indicates any developmental disorders, such as mental retardation or a learning disability, which may be predisposing the person to the Axis I problem. For example, someone with severe mental retardation or a paranoid personality disorder may be more likely to be "bowled over" by a major life stressor, and succumb to a major depressive episode.

Axis III lists any medical or neurological problems that may be relevant to the individual's current or past psychiatric problems; for example, someone with severe asthma may experience respiratory symptoms that are easily confused with a panic attack, or indeed, which may precipitate a panic attack.

Axis IV codes the major psychosocial stressors the individual has faced recently; e.g., recent divorce, death of spouse, job loss, etc.

Axis V codes the "level of function" the individual has attained at the time of assessment, and, in some cases, is used to indicate the highest level of function in the past year. This is coded on a 0-100 scale, with 100 being nearly "perfect" functioning (none of us would score that high!).

Anxiety disorders

A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
(GAD) Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, (OCD) Obsessive-compulsive disorder, (PTSD) Post-traumatic stress disorder
Disorders that involve worry, unease, fear, and apprehension about future uncertainties based on real or imagined events that can impair physical and psychological health.

Specific phobias

Irrational fears of specific objects or situations
fear and avoidance of a single object, situation, or activity; very common in the general population, examples-dogs, spiders, heights, storms, water blood, closed spaces, tunnels and bridges.

Agoraphobia

Fear of open spaces
(n.) - an abnormal fear of open or public places

Social phobia

Anxiety disorder characterized by fear of, and desire to avoid, situations in which the person might be exposed to scrutiny by others and might behave in an embarrassing or humiliating way.

Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by persistent anxiety occurring on more days than not for at least 6 months, sometimes with increased activity of the autonomic nervous system, apprehension, excessive muscle tension, and difficulty in concentrating

Panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Can increase in number of attacks as the victim stresses over the anticipation of another attack. Picture shows what different perspectives think of the original cause of panic attacks, also called etiology

Somatoform Disorders

A class of psychological disorders involving physical ailments with no authentic organic basis that are due to psychological factors.
disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists
Somatic (body)
Cognitive behavioral therapy is seen as the best treatment for somatoform disorder.

Cognitive Behavioral therapy (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy

Conversion disorder

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
psychological disorders characterized by a sudden but temporary alteration in consciousness, identity, sensorimotor behavior, or memory

Psychogenic amnesia

loss of memory resulting from repression of psychological, emotional trauma or damage
loss of all or part of memory; does not have a physical cause
Organic Amnesia is also important so don't just skip over it!

Dissociative identity Disorder (DID)

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Was called multiple personality disorder in the past, however on a test, it will only be refered to as DID and you will only get it right if you describe it as DID. CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) is currently the best treatment for DID

Mood Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder. Picture shows treatment for bipolar disorders.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions. In rare cases, can experience depression in spring/summer months

Bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness, lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

Cognitive triad

theorized by Aaron Beck
according to Beck, there are 3 important areas of life that are most influenced by the depressive cognitive schema; this refers to information about the self, about the world, and about the future

Learned Helplessness

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
Seligman
a cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events in their lives

Delusions of persecution

Schizophrenic disorders

Disordered thinking, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized language, unusual affect, motor behavior
a group of psychological disorders characterized by a lack of reality testing and by deterioration of social and intellectual functioning and personality beginning before age 45 and lasting at least 6 months
Typically affects adolescents and young adults
Picture shows delusion that he is more muscular than he actually is.
Schizophrenia is correlated with excess dopamine

Delusions of grandeur

A false belief that one is a famous person or a powerful or important person who has some great knowledge, ability, or authority.
Linked with schizophrenia

Delusions of Persecution

irrationally believing that others are trying to harm you.
believe that a person or group seeks to harm them. They may think that people are able to read their minds and control their thoughts
Linked with schizophrenia

Disorganized Language

Involves neologisms (when people make up their own words), and clang associations (when people string together a series of nonsense words that rhyme).
Linked with schizophrenia

Hallucinations

Linked with schizophrenia
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality; drugs that cause hallucinations, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or psilocybin-containing mushrooms, are termed hallucinogens.

Parkinson's Disease

Linked with Dopamine deficiencies
A progressive disease that causes a section of the brain to degenerate, causes dopamine shortages and affects the muscular system.
Lack of motor movement
A neurodegenerative disease in which associated brain damage is restricted to a specific area (substantia nigra in the midbrain), leading to the impairment of motor abilities.

neologisms

Linked with schizophrenia
Made-up words that typically have only meaning to the individual who uses them.
Made up words that have meaning only to the affected, such as i tranged and flitted.

clang associations

Linked with schizophrenia
rhythmic patterns associated with psychotic speech
A string of words that may rhyme or have the same beginning sound
word connections due to phonetics rather than actual meaning (e.g. "My car is read. I've been in bed. It hurts my head.")

Inappropriate effect

Linked with schizophrenia
Display of emotions that are unsuited to the situation; a symptom of schizophrenia.
A person with schizophrenia may smile during a somber moment or may laugh at a funeral. They can also go through inappropriate shifts in mood
Laughing as a response to hearing someone died

Flat Effect

Linked with schizophrenia
lack of emotional response; no expression of feeling; voice monotonous and face immobile
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
For Example: Rodney has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He rarely smiles and often shows little emotion to any situation. Psychologists refer to this characteristic as flat effect.

Catatonia

Linked with schizophrenia
a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate
Disorganized motor behavior characterized by various unusual physical movements or stillness

Waxy flexibility

Linked with schizophrenia
feature of schizophrenia in which people rigidly maintain the body position or posture in which they are placed by others
They allow their body to be moved into any alternative shape and will then hold that new pose

Dopamine hypothesis

the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity
The view that schizophrenia is related to, and may be caused by, excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain

Tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors
An incurable disorder of motor control, especially involving muscles of the face and head, resulting from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs
Dyskinesia (abnormality or impairment of voluntary movement.)
Tardive (late)

Double bind (Not a spelling error)

a situation in which an individual is given two different and inconsistent messages.
Kayla is very angry with her boyfriend Karl for not remembering her birthday. When he picks her up to go out one evening, Kayla is very quiet, will not look at him in the eye, and gave him her cheek when he tried to kiss her. Karl asks Kayla, "what's the matter? are you upset or something?" to which Kayla responds "nothing, I'm okay." This is an example of what type of pathological communication.

Diathesis-stress model

A diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event
suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
view of schizophrenia emphasizing that a combination of biogenetic disposition and stress causes the disorder