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nervous system
communication system made up of brain, spinal cord, and nerves
brain tells body parts to move, organs to function, face to express emotion, etc.
the neural chain
sensory info. enters body through receptor cells in eyes, nose, ears, etc.
sensory (afferent) neurons carry info. to brain/spinal cord
interneurons in brain process sensory info. and decide what to do
motor (efferent) neurons send motor info. away from CNS to the muscles of the body
sensory (afferent) neurons
neurons that carry info. to brain/spinal cord
interneurons
neurons in the brain that process sensory info. and decide what to do
motor (efferent) neurons
neurons that send motor info. away from CNS to the muscles
spinal reflex
a reaction that occurs before info. makes it to the brain
spinal cord sends message before the brain using motor neurons
central nervous system
consists of the brain (info. processing) and spinal cord (main pathway to and from brain)
contains interneurons
peripheral nervous system
outer region surrounding the brain and spinal cord
contains sensory and motor neurons
somatic nervous system
type of peripheral nervous system
controls muscles, contains motor neurons that activate muscles
(ex: carries command from CNS to leg muscles in order to walk)
autonomic nervous system
type of peripheral nervous system
controls glands/muscles of internal organs
(ex: breathing, blood pressure, digestion)
sympathetic nervous system
type of autonomic nervous system
fight or flight response
raises B.P. and breathing
deals w/ perceived threats
parasympathetic nervous system
type of autonomic nervous system
brings body back to normal, calms it down
endocrine system
communication system made up of a set of glands that produce hormones
hormones
chemical messengers that circulate through the blood
pituitary gland
master gland
located at brain’s base
controlled by hypothalamus
controls other endocrine glands
ex: oxytocin - promotes bonding/sparks labor in women
thyroid gland
releases hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite
ex: thyroxine and triiodothyronine - metabolism, energy levels
pancreas
an internal organ that secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar levels
ex: insulin - regulates level of sugar in blood
adrenal glands
primarily release hormones related to stress and anxiety
also release androgens (sex hormones) that play a role in the development of male sexual characteristics
ex: epinephrine and norepinephrine - fight or flight response
ovaries
the female reproductive organ, which produces ova and sex hormones
ex: estrogen - ovulation
testes
the pair of oval-shaped organs, about the size of a large grape
ex: androgens - sperm production
oxytocin
acts as a chemical messenger
sexual arousal
mother–infant bonding
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
the two main hormones secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland
metabolism
insulin
a hormone that lowers the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood
epinephrine and norepinephrine
act as both neurotransmitters and hormones in the body
fight or flight response
increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and blood sugar levels
androgens
a substance capable of developing and maintaining masculine characteristics in reproductive tissues