Plant evolution, flowering plants, plant cell/tussues/and growth, fungi

List the general characteristics that all plants possess

Eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic

What kind of organisms are the closest relatives/ancestors of green plants?

Green algae charophytes (protists)

What kingdom are green algae classified under?

Plantae, occasionally protista

Name the two classes that flowering plants can be grouped under.

Monocots and dicots

Give three examples of structural differences between these two groups of plants.

Monocots: One cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, flower parts in multiples of three, scattered vascular tissue in stems, Dicots: Two cotyledons, branched leaf veins, flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5, and vascular tissue in stems arranged in a ring

What is the connection between ovaries and fruits?

The ovary develops into a fruit after ovulation

connection between ovules and seeds?

The ovule contains the egg cell and becomes the seed after fertilization

Name the two kinds of vascular tissue found in plants.

Xylem and Phloem

What is the role of the xylem and phloem

Xylem: Conducts water and dissolved nutrients, Phloem: Conducts sugars

What is primary plant growth?

: Growth that makes the plant taller and occurs at the apical meristems (tips of roots/shoots) and produces new roots/stems/leaves

What is secondary plant growth?

Growth that makes the plant wider/thicker, occurs at the lateral meristems and produces new wood (xylem) and bark (phloem)

Explain why scoring a shallow cut all the way around a tree could cause the tree to die.

It would damage the bark/phloem, which carries sugars down to the roots

List the general characteristics that all fungi possess

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, cell wall made of chitin, mostly multicellular with some unicellular

Plasmogamy

Fusions of the cytoplasm from two different fungal cells, creates a cell with 2+ nuclei that have not yet fused

Karyogamy

The fusion of nuclei that occurs after plasmogamy, eventually forms spores due to meiosis

Heterokaryotic

A fungal cell with 2+ genetically different nuclei in one shared cytoplasm

Dikaryotic

Refers to cells with exactly 2 nuclei in a shared cytoplasm

What are mychorrhizae?

Plant roots that form a symbiotic relationship with fungi

What two organisms are lichens comprised of?

Fungus and a unicellular green algae or a cyanobacterium