BCS 165 MOD 1 STUDY GUIDE

1. Compare/Contrast Positive + Negative Feedback Loops

• Negative Feedback LOOPS: when a variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point. Its resulting action is in the OPPOSITE direction of the Stimulus. Ex: temperature regulation

• Positive Feedback: occurs less frequently than Negative Feedback. The Stimulus continues in the SAME DIRECTION until a climactic event occurs, then the body returns to homeostasis; ex:breastfeeding, blood clotting, labor

1. Define and describe Dynamic Range + Set Points

• Dynamic Range: An over / under value to the set point in which the body still maintains proper function

• Set Point: when the Variable is maintained within a normal level, Negative Feedback

1. Define/Describe Homeostasis and Homeostatic Process

• Homeostasis: maintaining consistent internal environment in response to internal or external conditions changing

• Homeostatic Process: The process of returning to Homeostasis? utilizing 3 Components: The Receptor (Detect), The Control Center (interpret), and the Effector (change).

Identify the 5 steps and structures involved in the 5D’s loop

• Detect: Stimulus (The Change) from the Effector (Detects to produce an electrical neural signal)

• Deliver: Sensory information by sensory nerve pathway

• Decide: at the Spinal Cord, or the Hypothalamus for the whole body process .. decision based upon Set Point

• Deliver: response from moter / efferent nerve pathways

• Do: the response from the Effector organ (Muscle, gland)

1. Identify and describe the 7 characteristics of life discussed in this section

• Organization: all organisms exhibit a complex structure and order

• Metabolism: all chemical reactions that occur within the body; Anabolism + Catabolism

• Growth and Development: Organisms assimilate materials from environment

• Responsiveness: ability to sense and react to Stimuli Regulation

• Homeostasis/Regulation: ability to maintain body structure and function

• Reproduction: Produce new cells for growth/maintenance/repair, or with sex cells, can develop into new organisms

• Homeostasis?

1. Describe (7) Anatomic Position. Explain why this position is important in science and medicine

•  Anatomic Position: stand upright, feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly (toward the front), the head is level, eyes look forward

• The Anatomic Position is important because any body region requires a point of reference

1. Identify/describe the 6 levels of organization discussed in this section

• Chemical level: atoms, molecules, macromolecules

• Cellular: Cells, basic units of life

• Tissue: Tissues, similar cells performing common functions

• Organ: Organs, multiple tissues working together

• Organ System: related organs work together

• Organismal: Organ systems function together

1. Identify/describe the 4 planes used to study the human body

• Coronal (Frontal): Vertical plane dividing the body into Anterior (Front) and Posterior (Back) parts

• Transverse (or cross-sectional): Horizontal plane, dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

• Midsagittal (Median): Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves

• Sagittal: Parallel to midsagittal, but left or right or midsagittal; divides structure into unequal portions

Anterior

in front of

Posterior

In back of (behind)

Superior

Closer to head

Inferior

Closer to feet

Medial

toward the mid-line of the body

(lungs are medial to the shoulder

Lateral

away from the mid-line of the body

(ears are lateral to the nose)

proximal

closer to point of attachment to trunk

(the elbow is proximal to the hand)

distal

farther away from point of attachment to trunk

(the wrist is distal to the elbow)

buccal

cheek

mental

chin

occipital

posterior aspects of the head

orbital

eye

auricular

visible surface structures of the ear

1. What is the common name for the Cervical Region?

NECK

axillary

armpit

pectoral

chest

brachial

• Arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow

antebrachial

 Forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist

carpal

wrist

digital

finders or toes

pollux

thumb

lumbar

flank

umbilicial

navel / belly button

coxal

hip

gluteal

buttock

patellar

kneecap

sural

calf (posterior part of the leg)

calcaneal

heel of the foot

plantar

sole of the foot

hallux

great / big toe

1. In which cavity is the brain found? Spinal Cord?

• The brain is found in the CRANIAL cavity

The Spinal Cord is found in the SPINAL / VERTEBRAL CANAL cavity

1. Describe how cavity membranes are structured (3 layers). Where is the fluid contained? Explain the importance of fluid in the membrane

• Parietal layers body cavity walls + Visceral Layer covers organs within the cavity

• Fluid is contained in the PLEURAL CAVITY between the parietal and visceral layers 

  • The importance of fluid in the membrane: it acts as a lubricant, and reduced friction caused by the movement of organs against the body wall

1. Identify the major structure contained in the Pericardial, Pleural, and Peritoneal membranes

• Heart, Lungs, most digestive organs

1. Identify/Describe the four chambers of the heart. Include location and role in moving blood

• Atria: R / L Superior Chambers that RECEIVE blood and SEND it to VENTRICLES

• Ventricles: R/L Inferior Chambers that PUMP blood AWAY

atria (2)

• R / L Superior Chambers that RECEIVE blood and SEND it to VENTRICLES

ventricles

• R/L Inferior Chambers that PUMP blood AWAY

1. Identify the Four Great Vessels connected to the heart. Explain the role of each of these vessels in blood circulation

• Superior / Inferior Vena Cava : DRAIN DEOXYGENATED blood INTO Right Atrium

• Pulmonary Trunk: TRANSPORTS blood FROM Right Ventricle .. SPLITS into Pulmonary Arteries

• Pulmonary Veins: DRAIN OXYGENATED Blood INTO Left Atrium

• Aorta: TRANSPORTS blood FROM the Left Ventricle

Superior / Inferior Vena Cava :

• DRAIN DEOXYGENATED blood INTO Right Atrium

Pulmonary Trunk

• TRANSPORTS blood FROM Right Ventricle .. SPLITS into Pulmonary Arteries

Pulmonary Veins

• DRAIN OXYGENATED Blood INTO Left Atrium

Aorta

• TRANSPORTS blood FROM the Left Ventricle

1. Identify the four valves involved in blood flow through the heart. Explain the importance of valves to proper blood flow through the heart

• (2) Atrioventricular (AV) Valves: sit BETWEEN ATRIUM AND VENTRICLE on each side.

  •  Right AV (tricuspid)

  • Left AV (bicuspid/mitral)

• (2) Semilunar Valves (SV): sit at a BOUNDARY of VENTRICLE and ARTERIAL TRUNK 

  • Pulmonary SV: located BETWEEN RIGHT VENTRICLE AND PULMONARY TRUNK.

    • Aortic SV: located between LEFT VENTRICLE and AORTA

(2) Atrioventricular (AV) Valves:

• sit BETWEEN ATRIUM AND VENTRICLE on each side.

  •  Right AV (tricuspid)

  • Left AV (bicuspid/mitral)

(2) Semilunar Valves (SV)

•  sit at a BOUNDARY of VENTRICLE and ARTERIAL TRUNK 

  • Pulmonary SV: located BETWEEN RIGHT VENTRICLE AND PULMONARY TRUNK.

  • Aortic SV: located between LEFT VENTRICLE and AORTA

1. Describe the structure of the Pericardium (focus on the 3 layers)

• Fibrous Pericardium: OUTERMOST COVERING

• Parietal Layer: lines the inner surface of the Fibrous Pericardium

  • Visceral Layer: surface of the heart

1. Explain the importance of Pericardial Fluid to the function of the heart

•  Reduces friction between the visceral and Parietal layers

1. Identify and describe the 3 layers of the heart wall. Describe each layer.

• Epicardium (visceral pericardium) : outermost heart layer

• Myocardium: middle layer of heart wall (thickest)

• Endocardium: Covers INTERNAL surface of heart and EXTERNAL surface of Valves

1. Identify the 4 structures involved in Cardiac Conduction. Identify the role of each of these structures

Cardiac Conduction : initiates / conducts electrical events to ensure proper timing of Contractions.

• 4 Structures of Cardiac Conduction: 

  • Sinoatrial (SA) node: initiates heartbeat

  • Atrioventricular (AV) node:

  • Atrioventricular (AV) bundle: 

  • Purkinje Fibers: 

1. Identify/Describe the 3 tunics of typical blood vessels. Describe the purpose of the Lumen

Lumen: space inside of vessel where blood flows

• Tunica Intima: innermost layer of vessel wall

• Tunica Media: middle layer of vessel; contract / relax

• Tunica Externa: outermost layer; anchor the vessel to other structures

1. Explain why veins are considered to be a blood reservoir

• Blood can be moved from veins into circulation and can be shifted back into reservoirs

1. Identify the main arterial pathway of blood out of the LV into the systemic circulation.

aorta

1. Identify the 3 main vessels that return blood to the RA.

2. What areas are drained by these 3 vessels?

• Superior Vena Cava : drains head, neck , upper limbs, thoracic and abdominal walls

• Inferior Vena Cava: carries blood from lower limbs, pelvis, abdominal structures

• Coronary Sinus: drains into right atrium

1. Identify the vessels that feed into and exit the Circle of Willis.Which vessel is most likely to be involved in typical cerebral cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) / strokes?

• Internal Carotid (ICA)

• Basilar Artery (BA)

• The Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) would be most likely to be involved in CVA strokes

1. Identify the large artery and vein on the lateral portion of the cervical region (hint for artery, one usually “checked” in movies / shows to see if someone is still alive).

• Common Carotid Artery

1. Identify the purpose / role of the Hepatic Portal Vein System (HPV).

2. What vessel carries the blood from this system to the IVC for return to the heart?

• HPV: blood from digestive organs is sent to liver 

  • Hepatic Veins

1. Identify the artery in the upper extremity most often used to check heart/pulse rate in patients when assessing their vital signs.

2. How do you locate this vessel and pulse point?

• Radial Artery , access at the wrist

1. Identify the large artery on the dorsum of the pes used to evaluate heart/pulse rate and blood delivery in the lower extremity. What vessel(s) feed directly into this specific one?

• Dorsalis Pedis Artery .. Anterior Tibial Artery feeds into it

1. Identify the 4 structures discussed in the Upper Respiratory Tract. Provide a brief description of the role each plays in the upper tract.

• Nose: entrance for air into respiratory system

• Pharynx: passageway way air and food; connected to nasal/oral cavity

• Larynx: voice, protects food/liquid to not enter trachea

• Trachea: pathway for air to lungs

1. Identify the 5 structures discussed in the Lower Respiratory Tract. Provide a brief description of the role each plays in the lower tract

• Trachea: WINDPIPE tube that carries air from larynx  to lungs

• Bronchi: AIRWAY branch off from trachea and enter lungs

• Bronchioles: small airways that branch off from the Bronchi

• Alveoli: AIR SACS where gas exchange occurs

1. Explain why the respiratory tract is lined with a mucous membrane.

• It has a mucous membrane to PROTECT the AIRWAYS from inhaled particles and to maintain HYDRATION

Identify the cells that produce mucous.

goblet cells

1. dentify 3 other substances (not including mucin) in mucous.

• 3 substances in mucous: antibodies, lysozyme, lactoferrin

3 important nasal cavity actions for air:

• Warming and humidifying air

• Filtering inspired air w nasal hairs and mucus

• Enhancing airflow and surface area

3 bones in nasal cavity that help perform these actions (air): 

• Superior nasal conchae

• Middle nasal conchae

  • Inferior nasal conchae

The tiny projections in the nasal cavity:

cilia

1. Define and describe the structure known as the Epiglottis.

2. What role does the Epiglottis play in the Respiratory/Pulmonary system?

• Epiglottis: leaf shaped flap / cartilage in the throat, behind the tongue.. diverts air and food/liquid during swallowing

1. Identify and describe the branches of the bronchial tree, including the P’, S’ , and T’ level branches. What is the role of these branches in the respiratory / pulmonary system?

• P: Primary Main Bronchi ; 

• S: Secondary Lobar Bronchi ; 

• T: Tertiary Segmental Bronchi

1. Identify and describe the 3 cells that make up / are found in the alveolus

• Type 1 pneumocytes : thin barrier for gas exchange between air and blood

• Type 2 pneumocytes: reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse

• Alveolar macrophages: removing foreign particles

1. Identify the Sympathetic innervation of the respiratory / pulmonary system and

2. how activation of this system will alter typical respiratory function

• Sympathetic nervous system acts to prepare the Respiratory system for increased activity, more oxygen  intake, carbon dioxide release 

• Activation of this system will alter typical Respiratory function by Increased Respiration Rate, Bronchodilation, Pulmonary Vessel Constriction, and Decreased Gland Secretion