RP Test Christianity + Islam

Chain of Revelations Quote

“Allah is the Creator of all things” Quran 39.62

Allah

• Singular Cause that manifests as multiple effects (secondary causation)

• Allah time and space (singular) ours (multiple)

• Malaika/Angles first mutiplicity that arises

• Singularity that acts once in a primary act of causation

Angels Descirption

• Intermediaries performing different tasks of allah

• Made of Light and Immortal - can take on human form

• Inferior to prophets superior to humans/jinn

• abstract principle that create/sustian the universe

• Pure and cannot sin

Angles Quote

“They exalt him night and day and do not slacken”

Angles Tasks

• Messengers to prophets

• Take Care of People

• Record everything a person does (used of Yamuddin)

• Welcome Muslims into heaven and supervise hell

• Praise be to Allah, who created (out of nothing) the heavens and the earth, who made the angels, messengers with wings …” 35:1 

Angle Jibril

• Most Important of the angels

• Delivered allahs revelation to the prophets - Quran to Muahmmad

• He guided the prophets and is an archangel

Angel Mika’il

• Angel of Mercy

• Asks allah to forgives people sins

• Brings nourishment to the earth (rain thunder…)

• “Whoever is an enemy to God, and His angels and His messengers, and Jibrail and Mikhail! Then, God (Himself) is an enemy to the disbelievers."

Angle Izrafil

• He will blow the trumpet to signal the Day of Judgment.

• He reminds Muslims of the afterlife and accountability to Allah.

• “And the trumpet shall be blown, so all those that are in the heavens and all those that are in the earth shall swoon”

Angel Izrail

• He is responsible for taking the souls of humans at death.

• He ensures Allah’s command over life and death is carried out.

Prophethood in 4 bullet points

• Prophethood is one of the six articles of faith 124000 sent

• “We make no different between one and another of them”

• Prophet Muhammad is considered the “seal of the prophets”

• Conservatibe Islam rejects new revelation while sufis allows for further mystical experiences

Prophets Infulence Muslims Today

• Study the lives of prophets like Ibrahim and Isa to follow their example

• Muslims follow the Quran and Sunnah carefully as Muhammad is seal of prophets and no new revelation come after him (salafi)

Adam Importance

• first prophet and had the gift of understanding and knowledge

• “He taught Adam all things”

• Adam was tempted by iblis sinned and repented and was forgives (example for humans)

• Teaching passed to descendants (farming,hajj,burial)

Ibrahim Importance

• Restore of Tawhid, reject idols and shows the oness of god “ He was a leader devolutly obedient to Allah and he was not of the polytheists”

• Will to sacrifice his son on command

• Ancestor of prophets and built Kabah

Musa Importance

• Recieved Torah, guide for israelites, “In the tablets we have ordained law concering all matters”

• Resotred Monithesim

• Leader of Israelites

Isa Importance

• Miracle of God and messenger “O Mary! Allah giveth thee glad tidings… his name will be Christ Jesus, the son of Mary”

• Given the Gospel to teach god message

• Predictor of Muhammad

• Return at the end of times to fight the False messiah

Muhammad Importance

• Muhammad recieved the Quran over 23 years through angel jibril start with night of power

• Last of the prophets

• His life included Hijrah,Hajj and Night Journey

• His action are called sunnah and muslims follow

KItub Holy Books

• Allah revelaed other holy books the former prophets

• However Allahs world was gradually changed and mixed into the text by other people

• Therefore Quran is the only pure and uncorrupted book

Books Quote

“(O Muhammad!) He has sent down to you the Book including the whole truth and confirming the previous ones. He had also sent down the Torah and the Gospel.

Suhuf - Ibrahim

Scrolls of Abraham

• Early now lost scripture teaching what Allah revelaed to ibrahim

Tawrat - Torah - Musa

Contains Ten Commandments and laws confirms allah sent messengers before muhammad

Zabur - Psalms - Dawud

Similar to biblical pslams contain guidance from allah

Injil - Gospel - Isa

Teaches allah message and fortells the coming of muhammad meaning has changed over time

Quran - Muhammad

• Revealed to Muhammad; contains Allah’s guidance, revealed truths, and ethics; Shari’ah law is derived from it.

Two beliefs about sacred books

• Allah’s guidance revealed through scriptures:

• The Qur’an is final and preserved:(confirms previos scriptures)

• “We believe in Allah, and the revelation given to us, and to Abraham, Isma'il, Isaac, Jacob… and to Moses and Jesus”

Influence of books on muslims

• Use it as a guide to live (prayer etc.)

• Sacred texts guide Muslims in making right choices, as they contain laws, teachings, and stories of prophets.

Hadith

• The Hadith contains the words and actions of Muhammad as recorded by his followers.

• They give - Muslims advice and guidance on how to live today, not word of allah

Sin

• Sin is a failure to live as humans fully in God’s image, harming God, others, and ourselves.

• Hebrew word khata means “to miss the mark” — not living up to God’s standards (Genesis 1:27, Ten Commandments).

• Sin clouds human judgment and arises from selfish desires and temptation.

• Causes a broken relationship with God, mortality, and separation from His presence.

Sin Quote

• St. Paul: “Although I want to do good, evil is right there with me… it is no longer I who do it, but sin living in me” (Romans 7) — highlights human weakness and tendency to sin.

• “Sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all men, because all sinned” (Romans 5:12)

Original Sin

• Humanity inherits Adam’s first sin, affecting all humans (Roman Catholic belief).

• Born with sinful nature, humans cannot repair their relationship with God on their own.

• St. Augustine: all humans descend from Adam and inherit the consequences of his sin.

Jesus Salvation

• Jesus restores humanity’s relationship with God, offering salvation from sin.

• He atones for human sin and enables forgiveness through his life, death, and resurrection.

• Seen as the perfect human and divine figure, showing obedience to God and moral example.

Two christian beliefs about original sin + Influences

• Humanity inherits sin from Adam

• Sin affects human nature and choices: Original sin makes humans naturally prone to selfishness and wrongdoing,

• “Evil is within me quote” Romans 7:18-20

• Reliance on Jesus for salvation

• Encourages moral living and repentance

Christian Beliefs about incarnation

• Belief 1 – Jesus is fully God and fully human: Christians believe the Word (Logos) became flesh to live among humanity, showing God’s glory and truth.

  Quote: “…The Word [logos] became flesh and made His dwelling among us. We have seen His glory, the glory of the one and only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth.”

• Belief 2 – Jesus reveals God and is the only way to salvation: Jesus came to show humanity God’s nature and to provide access to God through his life, death, and resurrection.

  • Quote: “I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through Me.”

Influence of Jesus Incarnation

• Guides moral and spiritual living: Christians follow Jesus’ example of love, compassion, and obedience to God in their daily lives.

• Faith in salvation and hope: Belief in Jesus as God incarnate strengthens trust that through him, humanity can be reconciled with God and receive eternal life.

Cruxifiction

• Jesus was arrested, tried, and crucified at Golgotha. He suffered physically and emotionally, carrying his own cross, wearing a crown of thorns, and dying an innocent death.

Cruxifiction beliefs and influence

• Atonement for sin: Jesus’ death was the perfect sacrifice, allowing humanity to be forgiven.

  • Quote: “But he was pierced for our transgressions… and by his wounds we are healed.” (Isaiah 53:5)

• Shows God’s love: God willingly suffers for humanity, demonstrating agape love.

• Human suffering: Jesus’ human suffering shows God understands human pain, giving comfort in hardship.

• Christians participate in Eucharist, pray, and try to live sacrificially, following Jesus’ example.

Ressurection

On the third day after crucifixion, Jesus rose from the dead, appearing to his followers and showing victory over death.

Ressurection belief and influence

1. Divinity confirmed: Humans cannot rise from the dead, so Jesus’ resurrection proves he is God.

   Quote: “Why do you look for the living among the dead? He is not here; he has risen!” (Luke 24:5–6)

2. Salvation and hope: Shows victory over sin and death, giving believers hope for eternal life.

3. Forgiveness assured: Believers’ sins can be forgiven if they follow Jesus’ teachings.

• Christians trust in God’s power, hope for life after death, and strengthen faith in Jesus’ promises.

Ascension

Forty days after resurrection, Jesus ascended to heaven in front of his disciples. The Holy Spirit descended at Pentecost, marking the start of the Church.

Ascension belief and influence

1. Divine authority: Confirms Jesus’ position at God’s right hand and his divine nature.

   Quote: “Men of Galilee… this same Jesus, who has been taken from you into heaven, will come back in the same way you have seen him go.” (Acts 1:11)

2. Spiritual guidance: Opens the way for the Holy Spirit to empower Christians.

3. Second Coming: Points to Jesus’ promised return to judge and restore creation.

• Influence today: Christians pray for guidance, trust in Jesus’ authority, and live in hope of his return.

Law

• Guidance from God on how to live a good life; identifies sin.

• Examples: Ten Commandments, Sermon on the Mount.

• Christians believe following God’s law helps avoid sin and achieve salvation.

• Influence today: Christians try to live ethically and morally in obedience to God.

• Quote: “You shall love the Lord your God… and your neighbour as yourself.” (Matthew 22:37–39)

Grace

• Undeserved gift of God’s love; salvation cannot be earned, only received through Jesus.

• Jesus’ sacrifice restores the broken relationship between humanity and God.

• Influence today: Encourages Christians to trust in God’s mercy and not rely on works alone.

• Quote: “For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith—and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God.” (Ephesians 2:8)

Spirit

• Holy Spirit guides Christians after the Ascension; helps recognise sin, understand the Gospel, and live faithfully.

• Unites believers with Christ and empowers them to overcome sin.

• Influence today: Christians rely on prayer, worship, and the Spirit for moral guidance and strength.

• Quote: “But the Advocate, the Holy Spirit… will teach you all things and will remind you of everything I have said to you.” (John 14:26)

Jesus atonement and salvation

• Jesus’ death and resurrection atone for human sin, making salvation possible.

• Shows God’s love (agape) and restores humanity’s relationship with Him.

• Influence today: Christians have hope of eternal life and forgiveness of sins.

• Quote: “But he was pierced for our transgressions… and by his wounds we are healed.” (Isaiah 53:5)

Chain of revelation

God - angels - prophets - holy books

Six sunni articles of faith

• Holy books

• Predestination

• Angels

• Tawhid

• Prophethood

• Day of judgement

Shi Five root

• gods justice

• imamate (leadership of imams)

• Tawhid

• Prophethood

• Day of judgement

Two differences between sunni and shia islam (4 marks)

• Sunni Muslims believe that the leadership/Caliphate after Muhammad should be elected and they passed it first to Abu Bakr. Shi’a believe it should remain in his family and they wanted Ali, who married Muhammad’s daughter.

1. Sunni Muslims follow 6 articles of faith, shi’a have roots of ‘Usul ad-Din 

Explain two of the five root of Usul ad din

1. One Shi’a root of faith is Adalat, the belief in God’s justice. This is the belief that God is fair because he is omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent.

2. Another is Tawhid, the Oneness of God. This is the belief that God is one, simple, has no parts and does not share power with anything. Tawhid units all Muslims and creation under God.

Tawhid

• Oneness—The Tawhid! God is indivisible and absolute. 

• Just (Adalat) - Particularly important to Shi’a Muslims ‘let not hatred of any people seduce you that you deal not justly’ 5:8

• IUmmanent,transcendetn,merciful

• Rabb (creator), Rahman (Merciful), Raheem (Compassionate)

Akhirah

• onstantly tested in order to achieve akhirah in one form or another.

• god is just and will reward any hardships faced on earth

• shows people will be punished

• gives hope for future

Judgement Day

• The Day of Judgement (Yawmuddin)

• Israfil will blow a trumpet,. The Earth will be destroyed

• Jesus (Isa) and the Messiah (Mahdi) will fight against false prophets.

• The Qur’an will be taken up to Heaven and even those who know the Qur’an off by heart (the hafiz) will forget.

• Smoke will cover the world for 40 days and a second trumpet will sound. The dead will rise and await judgement.

• ensure that Muslims make the correct choices throughout life as they will receive a report of their deeds on Judgement day.

Two islamic beliefs about life after death

1. Life is a test of faith/iman. Azrail will separate body and soul for Barzakh/waiting/partition. Two Angels of Justice will test your faith by asking “Who is……”

2. Then there is the test of deeds/actions/amal. You will be handed the book of deeds to left or right hand according to sinful or righteous life. Sinners go to Jahannam (Destruction), the righteous go to Jannah (The Garden).

“All actions as small as a grain of mustard seed shall be weighed out”

Predestination - Al Qadr

• idea that God has already decided everything that is going to happen

• Islam teaches that God is responsible for all things and that he has a divine plan for all of us

• Muslims believe that we can never know the reasons behind the universe, but that it is all part of a larger picture

Al Qadr Argument

• suggest future is rpedetimend and removes free will mmorality and eschatological justiuce

• problem misunderstand nature of god and omniscience#

• our knowledge is temperoral and limited whereas god is atemporate timless and unlimited

• all time is one eternal moment

Explain two key islamic beliefs about predestination.

1. Al Qadr is the belief in predestination, that God knows all past, present and future events. This is because God is Tawhid, transcendent and omniscient. Being simple and  outside of time, Allah sees all things in one eternal moment, as if written on a scroll

2. For some Muslims, this means that they have no free will as the future is already determined. Others believe that they are free despite God’s knowledge, as we are temporal and have no knowledge of future events.

3. “Every man’s fate is fastened around his own neck”

Explain two ways in which the Qur’an influences Muslims. 

1. The Quran contains Shariah law - rules and morals to help Muslims live well and complete there higher jihad/resist sin. By reading the Qur’an regularly they will follow the teachings and rules and stay close to God and away from sin.

2. The qur’an also reveals truth and beliefs about God. It helps Muslims contemplate and worship God, for example it reveals the 99 names of Allah. It tells them how to pray. Reading it is an act of worship.

3. “He revealed to his servant, what he revealed, his heart did not lie about what it saw’ 53:10-11

Imamate

• when muhammad died it was not clear who shoudl suceed him

• sunni elected abu bakr as firwt calipj

• shia believe Ali ibm Ali talib who became first imam

• Shias this divine line was vital

• believe that imamate rule  justly guided by the Qur’an and Shari’ah law without fault.

• The Imamate provide guidance and are divinely appointed.

• The last Imam (Muhammad al-Mahadi) is being hidden and will return with Jesus on Judgement day.