APUSH: Period 6 ID Terms

Henry Ward Beecher

Henry Ward Beecher

was a liberal U.S. Congregational minister whose oratorical skill and social concern made him one of the most influential Protestant spokesmen of his time; was an American Congregationalist clergyman, social reformer, and speaker, known for his support of the abolition of slavery, his emphasis on God's love, and his 1875 adultery trial; his rhetorical focus on Christ's love has influenced mainstream Christianity through the 21st century

Salvation Army

a Protestant Christian church and an international charitable organization headquartered in London, England; it is aligned with the Wesleyan-Holiness movement; an international movement, is an evangelical part of the universal Christian Church; its message is based on the Bible; was founded by William Booth, a Methodist minister who began an evangelical ministry in the East End of London in 1865

Booker T. Washington

the founder of Tuskegee Institute; advocated for his philosophy of self-respect, gradualism, and separatism, meaning that he believed that Black people should focus on an economic base and work to prove themselves worthy of rights

W. E. B. DuBois

a sociologist and Black activist; published sociological essays on the black experience in a book known as The Souls of Black Folk and eventually helped with the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910

Crazy Horse

was a chief of the Oglala band of Lakota (Teton or Western Sioux) who was an able tactician and a determined warrior in the Sioux resistance to European Americans' invasion of the northern Great Plains; was a Lakota war leader of the Oglala band in the 19th century; he took up arms against the United States federal government to fight against encroachment by white American settlers on Native American territory and to preserve the traditional way of life of the Lakota people; was a Lakota leader and warrior who clashed with the U.S. federal government; he helped lead Indian resistance in the Sioux War (1876-1877)

J. M. Chivington

was commander of the U.S. Army troops at the Sand Creek Massacre; was a Methodist pastor, and Mason who served as a colonel in the United States Volunteers during the New Mexico Campaign of the American Civil War; was known as the "Fighting Parson"

Sitting Bull

was a Hunkpapa Lakota leader who led his people during years of resistance against United States government policies; is remembered for his lifelong distrust of white men and his stubborn determination to resist their domination; one of the leaders of Indian resistance in the Sioux War (1876-1877)

Chief Joseph

a leader of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce Tribe; attempted to escape to Canada and was eventually forced to move into reservations, along with the Nez Perce Tribe

Plessy v. Ferguson

plaintiff sued over violation of the 14th Amendment → the court was to decide if having two separate train cars was constitutional to the 14th Amendment → the court determined the segregation law didn't deny equality under the 14th Amendment (the doctrine of "separate but equal" was established by SCOTUS → segregation became constitutional in public facilities)

Helen Hunt Jackson

an American poet and activist, exposed the federal government's horrible treatment in her book, A Century of Dishonor (1881)

Frederick Jackson Turner

wrote Frontier thesis (1893) where he advocated that America needed a frontier for its identity → became the single most influential interpretation of the American past; was an American historian best known for the "frontier thesis"

John D. Rockefeller

was an American industrialist and philanthropist, founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust; the major historical figure behind the famed Rockefeller family and widely considered the richest American and biggest philanthropist in history; was an American business magnate and philanthropist; he was by most definitions the wealthiest American of all time and the richest person in modern history

Andrew Carnegie

was a Scottish-born American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century; he was also one of the most important philanthropists of his era; led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of the richest Americans in history; he became a leading philanthropist in the United States, Great Britain, and the British Empire

Victorian Society

was organized hierarchically; the main organizing principles of were gender and class → men were independent, while women were dependent; the roles of men and women became more sharply defined than they had ever been in history; valued a high standard of personal conduct across all sections of society

William M. Tweed

an American politician who, with his "Tweed ring" cronies, systematically plundered New York City of sums estimated at between $30 million and $200 million; widely known as "Boss" Tweed, was an American politician most notable for being the political boss of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party's political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th-century New York City and state

Thomas Nast

an American cartoonist, best known for his attack on the political machine of William M. Tweed in New York City in the 1870s; known as the "Father of the American Cartoon"; was an influential caricaturist and political cartoonist; remembered for his Civil War illustrations in Harper's Weekly, Nast's political cartoons were also instrumental in the downfall of Boss Tweed and the election of President Ulysses S. Grant

Samuel Gompers

was an American labor leader and first president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL); was a British-born American cigar maker, labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history; founded the American Federation of Labor and served as the organization's president from 1886 to 1894, and from 1895 until his death in 1924

Battle of Little BigHorn

occurred in (1876) and was during the period of "Indian Wars"; also known as "Custer's Last Stand" → was a Sioux victory but was short-lived; was fought near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory

United States v. E. C. Knight Company

was a United States Supreme Court antitrust case that severely limited the federal government's power to pursue antitrust actions under the Sherman Antitrust Act; also known as the "Sugar Trust Case,"; was a legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court first interpreted the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. The case began when the E.C. Knight Company gained control of the American Sugar Refining Company. By 1892 American Sugar enjoyed a virtual monopoly of sugar refining in the United States, controlling 98 percent of the industry → President Grover Cleveland ordered the government to sue the Knight Company under the provisions of the Sherman Act, and the case reached the Supreme Court in 1895. The court ruled 8 to 1 against the government, declaring that manufacturing (i.e., refining) was a local activity not subject to congressional regulation of interstate commerce

Sherman Antitrust Act

a United States antitrust law which prescribes the rule of free competition among those engaged in commerce → was passed by Congress and is named for Senator John Sherman, its principal author; was first legislation enacted by the U.S. Congress (1890) to curb concentrations of power that interfere with trade and reduce economic competition

Jane Addams

was an American settlement activist, reformer, social worker, sociologist, public administrator, philosopher, and author; was an important leader in the history of social work and women's suffrage in the United States; was an American social reformer and pacifist, co-winner (with Nicholas Murray Butler) of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1931; is probably best known as a co-founder of Hull House in Chicago, one of the first social settlements in North America

monopoly

the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service; exclusive ownership through legal privilege, command of supply, or concerted action (exclusively owned by one party); complete control of the entire supply of goods or of a service in a certain area or market

populism

a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups; support for populist politicians or policies; the quality of appealing to or being aimed at ordinary people; political program or movement that champions, or claims to champion, the common person, usually by favorable contrast with a real or perceived elite or establishment

discontent

lack of contentment; dissatisfaction with one's circumstances; a person who is dissatisfied, typically with the prevailing social or political situation; lack of satisfaction with one's possessions, status, or situation

manifesto

a public declaration of policy and aims, especially one issued before an election by a political party or candidate; a written statement declaring publicly the intentions, motives, or views of its issuer; a written statement of a person or group's beliefs, aims, and policies, especially their political beliefs

Herbert Spencer

was an English polymath active as a philosopher, psychologist, biologist, sociologist, and anthropologist; originated the expression "survival of the fittest", which he coined in Principles of Biology after reading Charles Darwin's 1859 book On the Origin of Species; English sociologist and philosopher, an early advocate of the theory of evolution, who achieved an influential synthesis of knowledge, advocating the preeminence of the individual over society and of science over religion; his magnum opus, The Synthetic Philosophy (1896), was a comprehensive work containing volumes on the principles of biology, psychology, morality, and sociology; is best remembered for his doctrine of Social Darwinism, according to which the principles of evolution, including natural selection, apply to human societies, social classes, and individuals as well as to biological species developing over geologic time

Eugene V. Debs

was a labour organizer and Socialist Party candidate for U.S. president five times between 1900 and 1920; was an American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World, and five-time candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States; ran for president in the 1920 election while imprisoned in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary

William Jennings Bryan

an American lawyer and politician; was the Democratic candidate for the 1896 Election, advocating for a bimetallic system, free coinage of silver, and lower tariffs

Half-Breeds

were a political faction of the United States Republican Party in the late 19th century; were a comparably moderate group, and were the opponents of the Stalwarts, the other main faction of the Republican Party

Stalwarts

were a faction of the Republican Party that existed briefly in the United States during and after Reconstruction and the Gilded Age during the 1870s and 1880s; were led by U.S. Senator Roscoe Conkling—also known as "Lord Roscoe"; were sometimes called Conklingites; member of a faction of the Republican Party that opposed the civil-service reform policies of President Rutherford B. Hayes and sought unsuccessfully a third presidential term for Ulysses S. Grant; also referred to as "regular Republicans", vied with the generally more liberal Half-Breeds for control of the party in the 1870s and '80s

William James

was an American philosopher, psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States; is considered to be a leading thinker of the late 19th century, one of the most influential philosophers of the United States, and the "Father of American psychology"; an American philosopher and psychologist, a leader of the philosophical movement of pragmatism and a founder of the psychological movement of functionalism

Frederick Law Olmsted

was an American landscape architect, journalist, social critic, and public administrator; is considered to be the "Father of Landscape Architecture" in the United States; was famous for co-designing many well-known urban parks with his partner Calvert Vaux; American landscape architect who designed a succession of outstanding public parks, beginning with Central Park in New York City

John Muir

also known as "John of the Mountains" and "Father of the National Parks", was a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, botanist, zoologist, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States; was a Scottish-born American naturalist, writer, and advocate of U.S. forest conservation, who was largely responsible for the establishment of Sequoia National Park and Yosemite National Park, which are located in California; he and other conservationists founded the Sierra Club in 1892

Mark Twain

real name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens; was an American writer, humorist, essayist, entrepreneur, publisher and lecturer; was praised as the "greatest humorist the United States has produced," with William Faulkner calling him "the father of American literature."; was a American humorist, journalist, lecturer, and novelist who acquired international fame for his travel narratives, especially The Innocents Abroad (1869), Roughing It (1872), and Life on the Mississippi (1883), and for his adventure stories of boyhood, especially The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885); he transcended the apparent limitations of his origins to become a popular public figure and one of America’s best and most beloved writers

lyceum

a hall for public lectures or discussions; an association providing public lectures, concerts, and entertainments; a place where educational talks were given to the public

Victoria Woodhull

was an American leader of the women's suffrage movement who ran for president of the United States in the 1872 election; unconventional American reformer, who at various times championed such diverse causes as women's suffrage, free love, mystical socialism, and the Greenback movement; She was also the first woman to run for the U.S. presidency (1872)

National American Woman Suffrage Association

was an organization formed on February 18, 1890, to advocate in favor of women's suffrage in the United States; was created by the merger of two existing organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association; The strategy of the formed organization was to push for the ratification of enough state suffrage amendments to force Congress to approve a federal amendment; Although some radical factions continued to address corollary issues, its new approach focused the group's energies exclusively on recruiting new members and winning the vote for women

Stephen Crane

was an American poet, novelist, and short story writer; he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism; He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation; was an American novelist, poet, and short-story writer, best known for his novels Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) and The Red Badge of Courage (1895) and the short stories "The Open Boat," "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky," and "The Blue Hotel"

Susan B. Anthony

was an American social reformer and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement; was born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17; was an American activist who was a pioneer crusader for the women's suffrage movement in the United States and was president (1892-1900) of the National Woman Suffrage Association; their work helped pave the way for the Nineteenth Amendment (1920) to the Constitution, giving women the right to vote

Lester Frank Ward

was an American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist; He served as the first president of the American Sociological Association; American sociologist who was instrumental in establishing sociology as an academic discipline in the United States; was an optimist who believed that the social sciences had already given mankind the information basic to happiness, he advocated a planned, or "telic," society ("sociocracy") in which nationally organized education would be the dynamic factor

Thorstein Veblen

was an American economist and sociologist who, during his lifetime, emerged as a well-known critic of capitalism. In his best-known book, The Theory of the Leisure Class, he coined the concepts of conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure; an American economist and social scientist who sought to apply an evolutionary, dynamic approach to the study of economic institutions; with The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) he won fame in literary circles, and, in describing the life of the wealthy, he coined phrases—conspicuous consumption and pecuniary emulation—that are still widely used

Theodore Dreiser

was an American novelist and journalist of the naturalist school; his novels often featured main characters who succeeded at their objectives despite a lack of a firm moral code, and literary situations that more closely resemble studies of nature than tales of choice and agency; novelist who was the outstanding American practitioner of naturalism; he was the leading figure in a national literary movement that replaced the observance of Victorian notions of propriety with the unflinching presentation of real-life subject matter

Edward Bellamy

was an American author, journalist, and political activist most famous for his utopian novel Looking Backward his vision of a harmonious future world inspired the formation of numerous "Nationalist Clubs" dedicated to the propagation of his political ideas; was an American writer known chiefly for his utopian novel Looking Backward, 2000-1887

Mary Cassatt

was an American painter and printmaker; was an American painter and printmaker who was part of the group of Impressionists working in and around Paris; she took as her subjects almost exclusively the intimate lives of contemporary women, especially in their roles as the caretakers of children

Texas v. White

a U.S. Supreme Court case in which it was held that the United States is "an indestructible union" from which no state can secede; was a case argued before the United States Supreme Court in 1869 → the case involved a claim by the Reconstruction government of Texas that United States bonds owned by Texas since 1850 had been illegally sold by the Confederate state legislature during the American Civil War