infancy chapter 2

Allele

One or two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

Chromosomes

Thread like structures composed of DNA

DNA

Carries genetic instruction for development

Dominant recessive inheritance

One version of a gene (allele) masks another

Genetic counseling

Service provided by specialized professionals to help individuals or families understand and adapt to the medical, psychological, and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease

Genomic imprinting

Epigenetic process where certain genes are expressed in a parent of origin specific manner

Genotype

Specific genetic makeup or set of alleles

Mutation

Permanent alteration in an organisms DNA sequence, acting as the primary source for genetic variation

Polygenic inheritance

A pattern where a single phenotypic trait (height, skin color) is controlled by the cumulative, additive effects of multiple genes rather than one.

Prenatal diagnostic methods

Medical tests used to definitely detect or rule out genetic, chromosomal, and structural birth defects

Socio-Economic Status (SES)

A combined economic and sociological measure of an individuals or family’s social standing based on income, education, and occupation

X-linked inheritence

Describes how genes on the X-chromosomes pass traits or disorders to off spring

Behavioral genetics

Field studying how genetic and environmental factors combine to influence individual differences in behavior and psychological traits

Epigenesis

An organism develops from an undifferentiated egg cell into a complex structure through progressive stages rather than emerging from a pre-formed miniature

Gene-environment interaction

Genetic susceptibility and environmental factors combine to influence phenotypic traits or disease risk

Gene environment correlation

Individuals genotype influences their exposure to specific environmental risk factors, creating s link between genes and environment

Kinship studies

Examine how societies organize relationships, decent, marriage, and family. Exploring both biological connections and social constructed bonds

Niche-picking

The active process of selecting or creating environments that align with an individuals genetic tendencies, personality, or interest