physiology exam 1

teleological approach

function that explains “why” something happens

mechanistic approach

function that explains “how” something happens

transport work

energy to move particles across a membrane

mechanical work

actual movement/motion

chemical work

anything involving making or breaking chemical bonds

positive feedback loop

feedback loop that enhances the original stimulus

negative feedback loop

feedback loop that reverses the original stimulus

feedforward

an anticipatory physiological change that changes before the variable

variable

the regulated feature or parameter in a feedback loop

sensor

the part the monitors changes in the variable in a feedback loop

integrator

the place where information is interpreted in a feedback loop

effector

the actual physiological change in a feedback loop

mechanically gated channel protein

opens in response to pressure

chemically gated channel protein

opens in response to certain chemicals

voltage gated protein channel

opens in response to a change in charge/ membrane potential

uniport carrier protein

a carrier protein that allows one thing to go through

symport carrier protien

a carrier protein that allows two things to go through in the same direction

antiport carrier protein

a carrier protein that allows two things to move through in opposite directions

osmosis

the facilitated diffusion of water

isotonic

no net in or out water movement in a cell

hypotonic

net inward movement of water to the cell due to too many solutes within

hypertonic

net outward movement from the cell due to too many solutes in surrounding solution

concentration of Na+

higher extracellular ion concentration

concentration of K+

higher intracellular concentration

electrochemical equilibrium

when chemical and electrical forces are equal and opposite in magnitude

gap junctions

local communication between 2 fixed cells that have a continuous pore between

juxtacrine

contact dependent where 2 touching cells have the ligand and receptor on their membranes

long distance receptor

requires the blood stream to transfer ligands to the receptor

ionotropic receptor

simple ligand gated channels

metabotropic receptor

function through a second messanger

GPCR

signal molecule that binds with a G-protein linked receptor which activates a cascade

affinity

attraction and strength of attachment between a receptor and a ligand

specificity

proteins are selective with binding molecules

agonist

a ligand that turns on the receptor and it does its thing

antagonist

a ligand that blocks a receptor site and doesn’t allow it to do its thing

endogenous

anything made within the body (all ligands are agonists)

exogenous

anything that is introduced to the body from the outside

upregulation

adding receptors for a certain ligand in order to increase sensitivity

downregulation

removing receptors for desensitization to a ligand

tonic control

like a volume dial, one ligand controls opposing actions by increasing or decreasing concentration

antagonistic control

2 different things control opposing functions of the same organ

first line of immune defense

physical barriers such as the skin, mucous, and stomach acid

innate immunity

2nd line of defense, non-specific immune response, quick+dirty

acquired immunity

specific and memory based immunity (third line of immune defense)

cytokines

chemicals that direct cells to do things and give direction to tissues during an infection

chemotaxins

signaling molecules that attract cells toward the site of infection

apoptosis

basic immune response that involves the self destruction of an infected cell

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

leukocytes that examine and identify molecular patterns of pathogenic infections

damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

leukocytes that examine and identify molecular patterns associated with damaged cells

major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I)

determines if cells are self or non-self

major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II)

organizes immune response when non self markers are found within body

antigens

molecules on foreign cells that attract antibodies which allow for their destruction

antibodies

bind to antigens on a foreign cell and tag it for destruction

rubor

redness as a response to inflammation

tumor

swelling as a response to inflammation

calor

heat as a response to inflammation

dolor

pain as a response to inflammation

macrophages

detect, engulf, and digest pathogens and debris (innate), antigen presenting post-digestion

neutrophils

leukocyte that engulf pathogens and release toxic chemicals

basophils

release chemicals to mediate inflammation and cause allergic responses

eosoniphils

leukocytes that specifically target parasitic infections

dendritic cells

capture pathogens and present antigens on cell surface

B lymphocytes

specialized defenders that produce antibodies

T lymphocytes

helper cells, release cytokines, become memory cells, destroy pathogensp

peptide hormone

most of hormones, produced in rough ER and stored until use, released via exocytosis in vesicles, short half life, bind to membrane bound receptors

steroid hormones

lipid based, made on demand and released immediately, longer half life, pass through cell membrane, bind to both intra and extracellular receptors, transported with protein carrier

synergism

multiple hormones that do the same thing team up and get a more than additive response

permissiveness

in order for one hormone to function it needs permission with the release of another hormone

antagonism

two hormones impact the same thing but have opposite effects

posterior pituitary

protein hormones stored in vesicles and released when they are needed, secretes vasopressin and oxytocin

anterior pituitary

activated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus and secretes (usually) trophic hormones

trophic hormones

hormones that trigger the release of another hormone (besides releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus)

dwarfism

hyposecretion of growth hormone

gigantism and acromegaly

hypersecretion of growth hormone

grave’s disease

hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

goiter

hyposecretion of thyroid hormone and resulting hypertrophy of gland in an attempt to get it working

diabetes

hyposecretion of insulin

primary hormone disorder

only the endocrine gland is malfunctioning

secondary hormone disorder

a pituitary disorder in which the bottom two hormone amounts are affected

tertiary hormone disorder

hypothalamus disorder where all hormones in an axis are affected (rare)

zygote

when an egg is fertilized by sperm

wolffian ducts

ducts that are present in all embryos pre-differentiation but stay in males and turn into sperm ducts

muellerian ducts

ducts in all embryos pre-differentiation but they stay in females and turn into fallopian tubes

anti-muellerian hormone

hormone secreted by sertoli cells when SRY is present that regressed muellerian ducts

testosterone

produced by laydig cells which is in charge of the development of internal genitalia and both testes migrations

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

sertoli cells produce 5 alpha reductase which converts testosterone to this, this is responsible for development of external genetalia

muellerian ducts

develop into the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes in females

turner’s syndrome

a type of intersex that is XO, will result in a female fetus, one chromosome is not survivable for a male fetus

lutenizing hormone (LH)

acts on endocrine cells and plays a role in gamete production in females

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

plays a role in gametogenesis, spermatogenesis

follicular phase

phase of the ovarian cycle where a follicle is maturing

ovulation

follicle bursts and releases the oocyte

luteal phase

remnant of follicle becomes the corpus luteum which maintains high progesterone in case of implantation

menses

phase of the uterine cycle in which the endometrium is shed

proliferative

phase of the uterine cycle in which the endometrium grows

secretory phase

phase of the uterine cycle in which secretions promote implantation