Studied by 11 people
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Universality
development patterns common for all humans
Variability
individual variation in development
Embryonic Development
Limbs form at 4 weeks, human form noticeable at 8 weeks
Fetal Development
8 weeks-birth
Cephalocaudal
head to toe
Proximodistal
midline to extremities
Plasticity
capability of cells to take on a new function
Placenta
Organ develops in mother’s uterus during pregnancy
Placenta Roles
provides oxygen, nutrients, removes waste, prevents mixing of blood
Dominant disorders
defective gene from one parent. Ex: Huntington disease
Recessive disorder
defective gene from each parent. Ex: cystic fibrosis
Distance curves
show extent of growth
Velocity curves
show rate of growth
Peaks on velocity curves
show ages at which rate growth change
Females
spur begins at 9, height tapers off around 14-16, peak heigh occurs around 12
Males
growth spurts at 11, height tapers off around 17-18, peak heigh around 14
Teratogen
any drug or chemical that causes abnormal development in a fetus
Differentiation
process wherein cells become specialized, forming specific tissues and organs
Hyperplasia
an increase in the absolute number of cells
Ossification
begins at primary centers in the mid portions of long bones at 2 months
appositional growth
increase in bone girth
Secondary centers
growth in bone length occurs here at the end of bones
Secondary center examples
epiphyseal plates, growth plates, pressure epiphyses
Traction epiphyses
muscle tendons attach to bones
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
painful lump below kneecap: treatment is to refrain from activity
Cessation of bone growth for girls
occur at 16
Cessation of bone growth for boys
occur at 18
Osteoporosis
leads to rib cage collapse, stooped posture, reduced height
Hypertrophy
Increase in muscle cell size
Age 50
Individuals lose muscle mass
By 80
average 30% of muscle mass is lost
Growth hormone
secreted by anterior pituitary, necessary for normal growth
Thyroid hormone
secreted by thyroid gland,
Types of TH
thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3)
Gonadal hormones
influence on growth, sexual maturation
androgens
secreted by testes, adrenal glands, promote growth of muscle mass
estrogen
secreted by ovaries, adrenal cortex, promotes accumulation of fat
Insulin
vital for carbohydrate metabolism, necessary for full functioning of growth hormone
decrease, increase
in young adults, the proportion of lean body weight making up body composition often begin to as a result of in fat weight
56%
muscle mass increase rapidly in boys up to age 17 and ultimately accounts for __ of mens body weight
Primary ossification centers
refers to the area in the mid portion of the shafts of long bones where bone cells are formed so that cartilage-model bones of the fetal skeleton begin ossifying, from the center outward, to form bone shafts
Endocrine system
exerts its control over specific cellular functions through chemical substances called hormones
Spontaneous movements
not caused by known external stimuli
Spontaneous examples
squirm, thrusting legs/arms, stretching fingers/toes
Reflexive
stereotypical responses elected by specific external stimuli
Reflexive examples
palmar grasp reflex, sucking reflex
Original theory
extraneous, no purpose
Current theory
building blocks, similar to some voluntary movements
Moro reflex
Prenatal- 3 months, may signify cerebral birth injury
Asymmetric tonic neck reflex
Prenatal- 4 months, may indicate cerebral palsy
Babinski reflex
birth to 4 months, presence after 2 yrs of age indicate upper motor neuron lesion
Infantile reflex
do not last beyond the first year
Lifespan reflex
can be used to assess neurological function
Primitive reflex
nutrition, survival, protection
Postural reactions
help maintain posture in a changing environment
Locomotor reflexes
provide automatic movement that is “practice” for future voluntary movement
Sucking reflex
occurs pre/post-natally, stimulated by touching lips, 3 months of infancy then voluntary
Primitive reflex
Palmar Mandibular Reflex
eyes close, mouth open, head tilt forward. disappears at 3 months
Primitive Reflex
Stepping
Locomotor: birth-5 months.
Resembles crude form of walking
Reflexive movements
involuntary movements that an individual makes in response to specific stimuli
Applied explanation
Reflexes serve as the basic of human movement that leads to voluntary movements
Integrating sensory information
motor development and early movement experiences
Moving room
paradigm has been used to study the development of postural control and balance of infants
Norm-referenced scales
indicate where a person falls within a group of similar individuals matched by factors such as age, sex, race
Locomotion
Moving on one, two, or four limbs. Complex task involving many interacting systems and constraints
Crawling
moving on hands and abdomen
Creeping
moving on hands and knees
Walking
first form of upright, bipedal locomotion
50% phasing of legs
Proficient Walking
Increase: stride length
Decrease: base of support
Pelvis: rotates
Arms/legs: oppositional movement
Double knee lock pattern
Later walking
Increase: out-toeing
Decrease: stride length, pelvic rotation, speed
Running
occurs 6-7 months after walking
50% of phasing of legs
flight phase followed by single support
Early running
Arms: high guard
Base of support: wide
Range of motion: limited
Stride length: short
pelvic rotation: very little
Proficient Running
Stride length: increase
Base of support: decrease
pelvis: rotates
arms/ legs: oppositional
planar movements: (ap direction
Trunk leans slightly forward
Rate controllers of running
balance and strength
Jump
propel off ground: one or two feet
Landing: on two feet
Hop
Propel off ground: one foot
Landing: same foot
Leap
Propel off ground: one foot
Landing: opposite foot
asymmetrical
galloping is an example of locomotor skill that requires
Jumping limiter
ability to develop enough force to bring the body into the air from a still position
Treadmill
Type of training is associated with an earlier onset of walking for infants with down syndrome
