AP World Vocab

Ahmed Ben Bella

An Algerian socialist soldier and revolutionary who was the first President of Algeria from 1963 to 1965

Alexander Dubcek

Slovak politician and, briefly, leader of Czechoslovakia, attempted to reform the communist regime during the Prague Spring

Cold War

A conflict that does not involve any direct military confrontation between two or more rival states

Containment

A policy of not allowing communism to spread

Cuban Missile Crisis

a 13-day confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States that occurred after Soviet missiles were discovered in Cuba

cultural revolution

Mao’s attempt to reinvigorate China’s commitment to communism in 1966

Détente

A relaxation of strained relations by verbal communication

Domino Theory

The notion that one nation falling to communist rule will result in neighboring nations falling to communist rule

Glasnost

The policy of opening up Soviet society and the political process by granting more freedom

Great Leap Forward

The economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958 which proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities and resulted in economic disaster; ended in 1960

Hamas Faction

One of two factors into which Palestinians were split that controlled Gaza

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam who opposed the French occupations of South Vietnam after World War II

Kwame Nkrumah

First president of an independent Ghana who took office in 1960

Mao Zedong

Declared the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms

Nelson Mandela

Socialist lawyer who led the black resistance to apartheid in South Africa

Nikita Khrushchev

Led the de-Stalinization of Russia and argued for major innovations

Perestroika

Attempts to restructure the soviet economy to allow elements of free enterprise

Proxy War

A war in which a major power helps bring about conflict between other nations but does not always fight directly

Suez Crisis

Military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel in 1956 after Egypt seized the Suez Canal from British administration

Tehran Conference

Meeting in 1943 in Iran between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

United Nations

Established in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation; replaced the League of Nations

Turkification

an effort to make all citizens of the multiethnic empire identify with Turkish culture, which was heavily islamic

Bolsheviks

an organization representing the revolutionary working class of Russia under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, seized power and set up a communist government with Lenin at its head

Communists

believed that workers eventually should own the means of production and that collective ownership would lead to collective prosperity and just society

young turks

a group of reformers

mexican revolution

diaz jailed franciso madero which combined with the growing opposition of diaz’s strongarmed policies which ignited the mexican revolution

sun yat-sen

a revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty creating a republic led first by Dr. Sun Yat-sen. His rule was short

kemal ataturk

the republic of turkery was established in 1923, with kemal as the first president. He was awarded the name Ataturk which meant the fathers of the turks

Profirio Diaz

mexico entered the 20th century as an independent nation firmly under the control of dictator, Profirio Diaz

Francisco “Pancho” villa

led maderos troops in which they defeated mexican troops sending diaz into exile

emiliano zapata

one revolutionary leader who began the actual process of redistributing land to impoverished peasants

great war

world war I which lasted from 1914-1918

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

the assassination of Gavrilo Princip of Archduke Frans Ferdinand which lead to world war I

Allies

the triple entente, which was joined by Italy, Japan, China and the United States and other countries

Black Hand

a nationalist organization devoted to ending Austro-Hungarian presence in the Balkans

Militarism

the aggressive military preparedness

self- determination

the idea that peoples of the same ethnicity, language, culture, and political ideals should be united and have the right to form an independent nation state

stalemate

a state where both sides are evenly balanced that neither can break through the enemy

propaganda

communication meant to influence the attitude and opinions of a community around a particular subject by spreading inaccurate or slanted information

reparations

money paid due to the damages of war

total war

meant that a nations domestic population and military was committed to winning a war

war guilt clause

forced Germany and other central powers to take blame for WWI

Hyperinflation

print more money to pay for reparation debt

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who rejected Laissez Fire

New economic Policy

reintroduced private trade and allowed farmers to sell their products

Stalin

oversaw the disintegration of Russia after the Great War

Five year plans

to transform the USSR into an industrial power

Genocide

the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group

decolonization

the undoing of colonization

indian national congress

broadly based political power from India

Mohandas Gandhi

brought congress’s cause to the Indian masses and caught attention of the world

Nelson Mandela

opposed one of Africa’s systems

Lebensraum

space a nation believes is necessary for natural development

Armenian genocide

genocide of millions within the Ottoman Empire

Antisemitism

prejudice against Jewish people

Final solution

Hitler’s program of systematically

Urbanization

the growth of cities and factories

imperialism

establishing overseas empires

white superiority

belief that white peoples are the superior race and dominate society at the detriment of other ethnic and racial groups

Charles Darwin

British scientist who created the Theory of Evolution by natural selection

Social Darwinism

“survival of the fittest” used as a justification for white superiority and imperialism

White Man’d Burden

poem about the Philippine- American War

“Scramble for Africa”

European nations who compete for natural resources in Africa

Suez Canal

100 mile long canal connecting the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Berlin Conference

a meeting of european officials powers to provide for the orderly colonization of Africa

Royal Niger Company

a mercantile company charted by the British government in the 19th century

British East India Company

english and later British join-stock company founded in 1600

Meiji Restoration

resulted in the dissolution of Japan’s feudal government and restored the imperial system under a centralized government

Opium Wars

the chinese objected to Opium use and seized the opium warehouse in Canton; British warships destroyed a chinese blockade, occupied Canton and capture Nanking

Treaty of Nanjing

required china to open four additional ports to foreigners, cede the island of Hong Kong to Britain, and pay damages

Sepoy Rebellion

widespread, but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857-1859

Irish Potato Famine

the potato crops did not produce much food, but the British continued to demand trade which caused many people to suffer and immigrate

Chinese Exclusion Act

U.S. law restricting Chinese immigration for 10 years

Industrial Revolution

Began in England circa 1760, changes in economic and social organization, hand tools were replaced with power driven machines

Spinning Jenny

1760s spinning machine, had more than one spindle, allowed a person to spin multiple threats at the same time, inventor l: James Hargreaves

Water Frame

Richard Arkwright in 1769, used water power to drive spinning wheel, caused textile production to move to factories

Capitalism

Economic system, investment and ownership of production is made and maintained by PRIVATE individuals and/or corporations for profit

Adam Smith

Wrote The Wealth Of Nations (1776), called for freer trade, advocated for laissez-faire

Urbanization

Increasing size and number of cities

self-strengthening movement

Under Qing Dynasty (China) pressured to modernize, major reform in late 19th century, advances in military, government, economy, to address internal and external problems confronting China

Empress Cixi

A conservative, first opposed reforms to protect social and governmental systems, toward the end of her rule, she repealed the civil-service system and replaced it with an educated bureaucracy of scholar-gentry

Tanzimat Reforms

Reforms after Mahud (1839-1876), reorganization period, sultans worked to eliminate corruption, codify laws, strengthen military, created secular education system with primary and secondary schools, lasting impact

Bourgeoisie

included middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods

Labor unions

Organizations of workers that advocated for workers’ rights by bargaining with employers and putting agreement into contract

scientific socialism

approach to economics based on how the world “actually” operated, middle-ground between capitalism and communism

Karl Marx

German scholar and writer who argued for socialism, specifically scientific socialism

John Locke

believed people had natural rights (to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness, emphasized environment and education shaped people rather than ancestry

Mary Wollstonecraft

argued that females should get same education and rights as males

constitutional government

a government structured according to a written document known as the constitution

declaration of independence

expressed the philosophy behind colonists’ fight against British rule, document that declared American independence

Simon Bolivar

Creole, pushed for Enlightenment ideals in Latin America, promoted independence of areas that became Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peri, wealth used for the revolutionary causes, founded Gran Colombia, liberal, believed in a free market and the abolition of slavery

Caravel

Type of ship, mostly used by the Portuguese and Spanish. Used from 15th-17th century, used for long voyages at great speed

Lateen Sail

A ship sailed shaped as a triangle, pivotal piece of technology, could allow the ship to travel in different directions

Astrolabe

Allowed sailors to determine how far north or south they were from the equator

Maize

Mesoamerican corn

Trans.- Atlantic Slave Trade

Sugars profitability in European markets dramatically increased the number of Africans captured and sold

Chattle Slavery

Individuals were considered as property to be bought and sold

Encomienda

A system by the Spanish the gain access to good and other resources of the Americas

Conquistadores

Spanish crown often granted land to them as a reward for their efforts